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e-ISSN 2476-468X
p-ISSN 2476-7174
Venous Obstruction Following Pacemaker or Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation, Mini Review
Authors
1Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
*Corresponding Author: Corresponding author: Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Modarres Hospital, Saadat Abad Street, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98- 9173171001, E-mail: Email: [email protected]
Published online:Aug 02, 2016
Article type:Review Article
Received:Apr 09, 2015
Accepted:May 20, 2015
How to Cite:Akbarzadeh MA. Venous Obstruction Following Pacemaker or Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation, Mini Review. Int J Cardiovasc Pract. 2016;1(2):e130038. doi: https://doi.org/10.20286/ijcp-010201
Abstract
Venous obstruction is relatively frequent following permanent pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation. However, most of them are asymptomatic. Although the exact risk factor for this complication is not known, number of leads, heart failure and infection may prone the patient to this complication. The goal standard for detection of vein stenosis is venography; however, ultrasound sonography has an acceptable accuracy. Anticoagulant therapy may be considered for symptomatic patients. For device upgrading, non-functional leads removal, venoplasty and rarely surgical treatment may be indicated.
Copyright
© 2016, International Journal of Cardiovascular Practice. This open-access article is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0) International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which allows for the copying and redistribution of the material only for noncommercial purposes, provided that the original work is properly cited.
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