article information

International Journal of Cardiovascular Practice: Vol.1, issue 2; 20-22
published online: August 02, 2016
article type: Review Article
received: April 09, 2015
accepted: May 20, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20286/ijcp-010201
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Venous Obstruction Following Pacemaker or Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation, Mini Review

authors:

avatar Mohammad Ali Akbarzadeh ORCID 1 , 2 , *

Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

how to cite: Akbarzadeh M A. Venous Obstruction Following Pacemaker or Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation, Mini Review. Int J Cardiovasc Pract. 2016;1(2):e130038. https://doi.org/10.20286/ijcp-010201.

Abstract

Venous obstruction is relatively frequent following permanent pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation. However, most of them are asymptomatic. Although the exact risk factor for this complication is not known, number of leads, heart failure and infection may prone the patient to this complication. The goal standard for detection of vein stenosis is venography; however, ultrasound sonography has an acceptable accuracy. Anticoagulant therapy may be considered for symptomatic patients. For device upgrading, non-functional leads removal, venoplasty and rarely surgical treatment may be indicated.

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