1. Background
Diabetes is one of the biggest global health emergencies from the 21st century. Every year more and more people live with this disease that can be as a result of life-changing complications (1).
The first world health organization’s global report (2016) about diabetes shows that the number of adults with diabetes, almost from 1980 to 2014, has quadrupled. So that the number of people with diabetes increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014.This significant increase is greatly due to increase in type 2 diabetes and its associated risk factors, such as being overweight and obese (2).
An international diabetes federation (IDF) estimates 415 million adults are living with diabetes by 2040; this amount will be increased to 642 million. In addition to the 415 million people with diabetes, the IDF estimates that 318 million people have impaired glucose tolerance, and about 21 million women develop gestational diabetes (1, 3).
Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, strokes and amputations of lower limbs (2).
Diabetic patients can experience problems with poor circulation to the feet as a result of damage to the blood vessels. These problems increase the risk of ulcers, infections and amputations (1).
The current treatments for diabetic foot ulcer include controlling blood sugar, proper antibiotic treatments, tissues debridement, washing and regular dressings, necrosis, decreasing mechanical pressure, if possible and modifying blood circulation (4-6). The first objective in treating a diabetic foot ulcer is ulcer closure and helping accelerate this process. In this regard, Mester and his colleagues’ studies about the effect of infrared radiation on treating different kinds of wounds, especially diabetic ulcers, indicate that more than 70% of these ulcers responded to this treatment procedure. Treating chronic foot ulcer is a medical problem (7). Various measures have been proposed for the treatment (8, 9) which include skin grafting (10, 11), temperature therapy (10, 12), and using infrared and electric stimulation; the last ones are the new methods being currently used and researched. These methods, which are used to accelerate the treatment process, may replace current methods of treating foot ulcers in near future (10). Posten et al. also emphasized the positive effect of infrared radiation on different kinds of chronic ulcers in diabetic patients (13). Another study titled “The effect of local heat with tungsten generator of infrared treatment and accelerating the process of treatment of ulcers against environmental heat in chronic diabetic ulcers” indicated useful and meaningful treatment (14).
Kazemikho et al. study (2009) asserts that the low level laser therapy can be an effective and safe treatment method for foot ulcers caused by type 2 diabetes (15).
Also, Mokmeli et al. (2011) expressed that the low-level laser therapy promotes healing process of diabetic foot ulcers (16).
Treatment with infrared radiation is one of the new noninvasive and safe treatments in the field of caring after diabetic foot ulcers and learning this treatment method is easy for caregivers.
Therefore, diabetic foot ulcers can endanger life of thousand patients and restrict the ability of people to do their daily activities considerably. Hence, taking a suitable approach to treat the disease can play a key role in saving costs and time.
It must be mentioned that in relation to the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer, several studies have been conducted, which have had good and desirable results. However, these studies have been conducted with a small sample size and treatment with infrared radiation has been rarely used because it is a very expensive method.
Given that using of such machines requires expertise and also is expensive and costly, we used a tungsten infrared generator lamp, which is quite cheap and economical and applicable for most caregivers.
2. Objectives
This study was conducted to examine the effect of infrared radiation on diabetic foot ulcers.
3. Patients and Methods
This clinical trial was performed on 50 patients referred to Dr. Ganjavian hospital in Dezful city, Iran, with diabetic foot ulcers degree 1 and 2 (based on the Wegener Scale) Sample size was determined based on relevant studies of the recent decade (14, 17-21). Patients were classified into the intervention and control groups (n = 25 in each group) in terms of age, gender, degree of ulcer, ulcer site and body mass index (BMI). Patients with diabetic foot ulcers degree 1 and 2 on finger, heel, foot and claw on the end limb, BMI of 18 - 35, age of 30 - 80 years, having full consciousness, oral nutritional and medication diet and having at least 5 years of diabetes were included in this study. Addicted and smoker patients and those who had diseases that can affect the healing process of ulcers like vascular diseases, lupus and rheumatoid arthritis were excluded from the study.
Before beginning the procedure, a written consent form was obtained from the participants. In this study, work progress was evaluated according to a checklist of diabetic foot ulcer healing evaluation. The applied method and procedure were also explained for both groups in summary.
Using the checklists, degree of ulcer, color, status of tissues around the ulcer and status of secretions of ulcer were evaluated and scored. Hence, the point 400 indicates healed ulcer and the lowest score of 50 indicates ulcer vanishing.
In a routine dressing method, firstly the ulcer and tissues around it were placed in sterilization tub for 20 minutes and then, it was dried by a sterile gauze and after putting a wet sterile gauze, it was dressed using the sterile method and the action was repeated twice a day and 7 days a week. In case of separation of dressing while changing linen and clothing of the patients or dressing getting wet due to high exudate, it was put again according to the mentioned procedure.
In treatment with infrared radiation using a 250W Lamp-tungsten generator, dressing was done twice a day. For this purpose, after washing the ulcer according to the mentioned method, before redressing of the patients, the ulcer was cured by infrared radiation once a day and 7 days a week according to studies in this field. For this purpose, a thermometer was placed on healthy skin around the ulcer to record temperature and ensure that its temperature has not exceeded 42°C. The distance of infrared source from the skin was equal to 30 cm and radiation duration was equal to 20 minutes. A radiation angle was selected perpendicular according to the Lambert cosine law, so that maximum radiation absorption and intrusion was gained and then, the wet dressing was done.
Patients were followed up for 4 weeks and 7 days a week and at weekend, a primary checklist was fulfilled again and separated scores were given to the ulcer in each week.
On the weekend, the last score (score of week 4) was compared to the first score (score of week 0) and status of the ulcer was defined as full recovery, partial recovery, no recovery and worsening.
Full recovery: In case that total scores of the ulcer were equal to 400 according to the checklist.
Partial recovery: In case that total scores of the ulcer were increased at least 30 times compared to the initial score.
No recovery: The ulcer score was not changed compared to the initial score or was changed below 30 times.
Worsening: The score of ulcer was decreased 10 times compared to the initial score.
Using the SPSS 14 software, the demographic data and the repairing check list of foot ulcer (Table 1) were coded qualitatively and quantitatively, and inputted into computer. The data related to the check list were processed based on conventional pointing as five subsequent phases from the beginning, before intervention, week 1, week 2, week 3, and week 4, so that the process of repairing of each parameter can be analyzed. Also, to compare the quantitative and qualitative variables in two groups, an independent t-test and chi- square test were used, respectively. Also, t-test was used in both groups in different weeks.
Table 1. Evaluation Checklist for Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcer
| Number | Parameters | Distribution of Points Between Each of the Components | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | Ulcer degree | stages | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
| 100 | 100 | 90 | 90 | 80 | 75 | 65 | 65 | 55 | 50 | 40 | 40 | 30 | 25 | 15 | 15 | 10 | ||
| 100 | Ulcer color | center | Fully healed | Red (granular) | yellow | necrotic | necrotic granular | |||||||||||
| 50 | 50 | 40 | 30 | 20 | 10 | |||||||||||||
| labia | Fully healed | Red (granular) | yellow | necrotic | necrotic granular | |||||||||||||
| 50 | 50 | 40 | 30 | 20 | 10 | |||||||||||||
| 100 | Peripheral tissue | color | normal | red | pail | cyanotic | - | |||||||||||
| 25 | 25 | 20 | 15 | 10 | - | |||||||||||||
| heat | has | has not | - | - | - | |||||||||||||
| 25 | 0 | 25 | - | - | - | |||||||||||||
| edema | has | has not | - | - | - | |||||||||||||
| 25 | 0 | 25 | - | - | - | |||||||||||||
| sense | has not | Decrease | normal | - | - | |||||||||||||
| 25 | 0 | 15 | 25 | - | - | |||||||||||||
| 100 | excretions | color | No excretion | serous | bloody | yellow | green | |||||||||||
| 40 | 40 | 30 | 20 | 10 | 0 | |||||||||||||
| smell | has not | has | - | - | - | |||||||||||||
| 20 | 20 | 0 | - | - | - | |||||||||||||
| amount | no excretion | low | average | high | - | |||||||||||||
| 40 | 40 | 30 | 20 | 10 | - | |||||||||||||
| Total point (fully healed) = 400 (higher point = higher healing) | ||||||||||||||||||
4. Results
The mean age of the patients in the control group was equal to 53.36 (SD = 11.51) and the mean age of the intervention group was equal to 51.60 (SD = 8.71). Demographic information of both groups has been presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Demographic Information of the Intervention and Control Groups
| Variable | Intervention Group, Mean ± SD | Control Group, Mean ± SD | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 51.60 ± 8.71 | 53.36 ± 11.51 | 0.54 |
| BMI, kg/cm2 | 27.26 | 25.24 | 0.68 |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.
The total mean score related to the intervention group, which was 230.92 before the intervention (week 0), reached 338.76 after the intervention. In the control group, it reached from 196.92 before the intervention (week 0) to 209.92 at the end of week 4. Independent t-test showed no significant difference between the two groups before the intervention, while it showed a significant difference between the two groups at the end of the week four (P < 0.001). The results have been shown in Figures 1 - 5.
Figure 1.
P < 0.001; there was a significant difference between the two groups (intervention and control) in different weeks.
Figure 2.
P < 0.001; there was a significant difference between the two groups (intervention and control) in different weeks.
Figure 3.
P < 0.001; there was a significant difference between the two groups (intervention and control) in different weeks.
Figure 4.
P < 0.001; there was a significant difference between the two groups (intervention and control) in different weeks.
Figure 5.
P < 0.001; Significant differences is between the two groups (intervention and control) in different weeks.
Table 3. Frequency Distribution and the Recovery Percentage of Patients Based on Routine and Infrared Treatment
| Recovery Status | Statistical Index | Routine | Infrared | Total Sample | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full recovery | Frequency | 1 | 4 | 5 | P < 0.001 |
| Percentage | 4.0 | 16.0 | 10.0 | ||
| Partial recovery | Frequency | 7 | 21 | 28 | P < 0.001 |
| Percentage | 28.0 | 84.0 | 56.0 | ||
| Worsening | Frequency | 5 | 0 | 5 | P < 0.001 |
| Percentage | 20.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 | ||
| No recovery | Frequency | 12 | 0 | 12 | P < 0.001 |
| Percentage | 48.0 | 0.0 | 24.0 | ||
| Total | Frequency | 25 | 25 | 50 | - |
| Percentage | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
5. Discussion
According to obtained results, infrared radiation can be more effective than routine dressing in healing of diabetic foot ulcers.
Common and dangerous complication of diabetes in this study that is a foot ulcer has been divided into several parameters for the purpose of investigation and analysis was done for each parameter independently. The results of the current study showed that in terms of degree of ulcer, color of ulcer, status of tissues around ulcer and secretions of ulcer in week 0, no significant difference was observed between the two groups, which can be due to the same conditions of caregiving as a result of hospitalization. However, in the first week after intrusion, changes in degree of ulcer, color of ulcer, secretions, tissues around the ulcer and total score of the ulcer showed a significant difference between the intervention and control groups. The difference was also existed in week 4 about the mentioned parameters. The results from a significant difference between scores of ulcer status in both groups have been in consistence with a study of Gerald Petrophsky et al. (2007). In this study, ulcers were investigated for 1 month and obtained results from the intervention group were significantly different from the control group in benefit of using infrared radiation (14). A study of Mahmudi (2004) has had also similar results (P = 0.08) (22). However, in a study conducted by Korzendorfer (2008), the two groups showed no significant difference in different weeks (P < 0.05) (23).
Infrared may accelerate ulcer healing through preventing infection and keeping ulcer surface sterile and dehydrating it. It has been reported that antibiotic medicines can control ulcer infection and accelerate its healing, which can be compared to the effect of infrared (18, 24). Effect of infrared on collagen fibers indicates that in the day 10 after injury, the amount of this variable would be increased significantly. The finding is one of the most important findings of studying infrared radiation. This is because collagen fibers can make the ulcer site to be similar to the initial tissue before the injury and can also prevent creation of white and malformed scarring.
Some scholars believe that the best treatment for cutaneous wounds is using infrared radiation and in this regard, two scholars named Donald and Highland have used infrared radiation for cutaneous wound healing and have obtained desirable results and found that infrared radiation cannot cause prolongation and the chronic healing inflammatory process (18, 25).
Therefore, the diabetic foot ulcer can endanger life of thousand patients and restrict the ability of people to do their daily activities considerably. Effect of infrared on ulcer healing through reduction of inflammation has caused acceleration of the ulcer. On the other hand, increase in blood flow and oxygen to the wound site can be done through dilating blood vessels, which can affect capacity of fibroblasts, increasing the synthesis of collagen fibers and enhancing wound strength because of increase in collagen content (18, 26).
In a study under the title of “comparing the effect of three methods of nursing cares by themselves and along with ultrasound and laser (infrared) for pressure ulcer treatment”, it was found that infrared lasers are more effective than conventional nursing actions to treat ulcers (19).
Studies in the field of the effect of infrared on chronic wound healing indicated that more than 70% of the wounds responded to emphasized the effect of infrared on healing types of wounds, especially diabetic ulcers (13, 27). The results of Malm et al. study showed no significant effect of infrared radiation on chronic wounds (28). On the other hand Kajagar et al. in their study (2012) assert that a low-level laser therapy, as an adjunct to usual therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers, is useful (29).
In this regard, Mao et al. (2016) also expressed that the combination of a low-level light therapy and topical coenzyme Q10 is a secure and comfortable method (30).
According to a high prevalence of the diabetic ulcer, and delay in healing it, using a method to decrease ulcer healing duration compared to the routine and conventional treatments is recommended. Studies in this field have been usually on a few numbers of patients and have used infrared laser generators that are extremely costly and working with them needs profession.
Although the results of the Mao et al. study showed that a low-level light therapy and topical coenzyme Q10 could increasingly promote wound healing (30), obtained results from some other studies have been inconsistent.
Therefore, performing the study using an infrared tungsten lamp generator is necessary that is cost- effective and is familiar for majority of nurses.
Recovery duration was considered just for ulcers with full recovery and only 1 ulcer (4%) from the routine group and 4 ulcers (16%) from the infrared group were healed during 4 weeks. Hence, healing duration is the same in both groups. However, according to a high percentage of partial recovery in the infrared group and a high percentage of no recovery and worsening in the routine group, it would be better to repeat the study in longer time interval to obtain more exact results. It is worth noting that the limitations of this study was time limit and the strengths of this study was a high percentage of partial recovery in the infrared group as well as low expense of infrared radiation for patients with diabetic foot ulcers.
In general, it could be found that if sterile points are observed in diabetic foot ulcers and also nutrition and medicine diet and proper technique of infrared radiation are observed, infrared radiation can be useful for ulcer healing and can cause effective sterile dressing of diabetic foot ulcer and ulcer healing without scarring.
5.1. Conclusions
The findings of the current study show the positive effect of the infrared radiation on ulcer healing compared to the routine dressing method.
Considering that treatment methods of the diabetic foot ulcers are costly and these ulcers cannot easily be cured, using the infrared lamp generator for healing this wound is recommended due to low expenditures and easy application for the patients. In general, this method prevents wasting of time, costs and resources.
