Abstract
Background:
Self - burning is known as an extremely violent means of suicide.Objectives:
This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of self - burning in Iranian townships covered by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences during years 2009 to 2012.Patients and Methods:
This cross - sectional research was performed on 250 self - burning cases and 181 self - burning attempts. Data was collected from the Comprehensive Suicide Prevention Program Checklist. To analyze the data, the chi - square test and logistic regression model were utilized.Results:
Most self - burning cases were observed in females (70.4%), married individuals (60.4%), an age group of 15 to 24 years (38%), and rural residents (60.8%). Moreover, the highest and lowest self - burning cases had occurred during spring (31.2%) and fall (17.6%) (P = 0.736).Conclusions:
The findings are indicative of a high occurrence of self - burning among young married females. Therefore, it is vital to provide this at risk group with the necessary prevention programs.Keywords
Self - Burning Epidemiology Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
1. Background
Suicide is considered a basic public health problem (1). It is the 13th cause of mortality in the world (2) and 3rd cause among the age group of 15 to 44 years (3). One person loses their life by suicide in the world every 40 seconds (4) and the majority of suicides occur in Asian countries (5). The suicide rate in Iran has reached 19 cases per 100 000 people in the recent years (6).
Self - burning is regarded as a violent, fatal, and painful type of suicide (7). Every year, about 310 000 people lose their lives through self - burning (8). The rate of deaths caused by suicide is about 11 times higher in low- and middle - income compared to high-income countries and 95% of self - burning cases occur in these countries (9). Furthermore, 34% of suicides in Iran are caused by self - burning (10, 11), which is regarded as the 3rd cause of potential years of life lost after disasters and breast cancer among Iranian females (12).
The Fars province of Iran is located to the southwest of Iran with a population of 4,596,658 (13). The results of a 9 - year investigation in this province has highlighted that most suicides occur within the age group of 20 to 29 years (43.3%). Moreover, the most important ways of suicide were found to be hanging (49.5%) and self - burning (16.4%) (14).
The above - mentioned study (14) was carried out based on data gathered by Fars Legal Medical Organization (LMO). Therefore, due to possible underestimation of LMO data, it is suggested that in Iran data gathered by University of Medical Sciences (UMSs) might show a more comprehensive picture (15) as within Iranian Health Systems, each province is covered by one or more than one UMSs.
2. Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of self - burning in Iranian township covered by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.
3. Patients and Methods
This cross - sectional study was conducted on 250 cases of self - burning and 181 cases of self - burning attempt in the townships covered by SUMS. The comprehensive suicide prevention program checklist (CSPPC), which consisted of 2 parts was used. First part included the individuals’ demographic information, such as age, gender, occupation, level of education, marital status, and place of residence. The second part covered the backgrounds of suicide attempts, physical and mental illnesses, method, season, year, and the result of suicide behavior. The CSPPC is completed by all health centers of the affiliated townships on a monthly basis. However, among 27 townships of Fars Province, only Jahrom and Fasa, are not covered by SUMS and their information was therefore not included in the current study.
After the variables were coded, univariable analyses were performed using the SPSS software version 15.0 for windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). The qualitative data were reported in numbers (percentage) and to assess the relationship between self - burning cases with studied variables, the chi - square test was employed. A multivariable logistic regression model for factors associated with self - burning cases versus self - burning attempters was established. The associations of independent predictors in the final model were expressed as Odds Ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Model discrimination was measured using the c statistic, which is equal to the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Model calibration was estimated using the Hosmer - Lemeshow goodness - of - fit statistics. For multivariable analyses, the SAS statistical package version 9.1 for windows (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.
To calculate the mortality percentage of self - burning, the following formula was applied:
4. Results
During the study period, 250 cases from all suicides i.e. 646 (38.7%) were done by self - burning. of these, 70.4%, 60.4%, 38%, and 60.8% of the cases were female, married, within the age group of 15 to 24 years, and rural residents, respectively. Most of the self - burning cases were observed among those with secondary level education (30.8%) and housewives (55.6%) (Table 1).
The Frequency Distribution of the Demographic Variables of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Self - Burning Cases During Years 2009 to 2012a
| Variable | Self - Burning | Self - Burning Attempt | Total | P Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 176 (70.4) | 130 (71.8) | 306 (71.0) | |
| Male | 74 (29.6) | 51 (28.2) | 125 (29.0) | |
| Age Groups | 0.445 | |||
| 5 - 14 | 4 (1.6) | 3 (1.7) | 7 (1.6) | |
| 15 - 24 | 95 (38.0) | 60 (33.1) | 155 (36.0) | |
| 25 - 34 | 84 (33.6) | 76 (42.0) | 160 (37.1) | |
| 35 - 44 | 39 (15.6) | 27 (14.9) | 66 (15.3) | |
| 45 - 54 | 18 (7.2) | 7 (3.9) | 25 (5.8) | |
| 55 + | 10 (4.0) | 8 (4.4) | 18 (4.2) | |
| Educational Level | 0.086 | |||
| Illiterate | 23 (9.2) | 16 (8.8) | 39 (9.0) | |
| Primary | 52 (20.8) | 22 (12.2) | 74 (17.2) | |
| Secondary | 77 (30.8) | 51 (28.2) | 128 (29.7) | |
| High school | 70 (28.0) | 59 (32.6) | 129 (29.9) | |
| University | 4 (1.6) | 3 (1.7) | 7 (1.6) | |
| Unknown | 24 (9.6) | 30 (16.6) | 54 (12.5) | |
| Marital Status | 0.778 | |||
| Single | 91 (36.4) | 70 (38.7) | 161 (37.4) | |
| Married | 151 (60.4) | 103 (56.9) | 254 (58.9) | |
| Divorced | 4 (1.6) | 5 (2.8) | 9 (2.1) | |
| Unknown | 4 (1.6) | 3 (1.7) | 7 (1.6) | |
| Occupation | 0.556 | |||
| Self - employed | 39 (15.6) | 24 (13.3) | 63 (14.6) | |
| Unemployed | 31 (12.4) | 23 (12.7) | 54 (12.5) | |
| Housewife | 139 (55.6) | 93 (51.4) | 232 (53.8) | |
| Student | 14 (5.6) | 20 (11.0) | 34 (7.9) | |
| Worker | 10 (4.0) | 8 (4.4) | 18 (4.2) | |
| Other | 14 (5.6) | 10 (5.5) | 24 (5.6) | |
| Unknown | 3 (1.2) | 3 (1.7) | 6 (1.4) | |
| Place of Residence | 0.062 | |||
| Village | 152 (60.8) | 90 (49.7) | 242 (56.1) | |
| City | 95 (38.0) | 88 (48.6) | 183 (42.5) | |
| Unknown | 3 (1.2) | 3 (1.7) | 6 (1.4) |
Table 2 depicts the frequency distribution of the other study factors. Based on the results obtained, 7.6% of the people involved in self - burning had a history of previous attempts. Most self - burning cases were found among those with no histories of physical (88.0%) and mental illnesses (73.2%). In addition, the seasonality trend of suicides revealed that most self - burning cases had occurred in the spring (31.2%) and winter (29.2%).
The Frequency Distribution of the Other Study Factors in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Self - Burning Cases During 2009 to 2012a
| Variable | Self - Burning | Self - Burning Attempt | Total | P-Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suicide Attempts History | 0.700 | |||
| Yes | 19 (7.6) | 12 (6.6) | 31 (7.2) | |
| No | 231 (92.4) | 169 (93.4) | 400 (92.8) | |
| Physical Illness History | 0.628 | |||
| Yes | 30 (12.0) | 19 (10.5) | 49 (11.4) | |
| No | 220 (88.0) | 162 (89.5) | 382 (88.6) | |
| Mental Illness History | 0.072 | |||
| Yes | 67 (26.8) | 35 (19.3) | 102 (23.7) | |
| No | 183 (73.2) | 146 (80.7) | 329 (76.3) | |
| Season | 0.736 | |||
| Spring | 78 (31.2) | 65 (35.9) | 143 (33.2) | |
| Summer | 55 (22.0) | 39 (21.5) | 94 (21.8) | |
| Fall | 44 (17.6) | 31 (17.1) | 75 (17.4) | |
| Winter | 73 (29.2) | 46 (25.4) | 119 (27.6) | |
| Year | 0.074 | |||
| 2009 | 81 (32.4) | 61 (33.7) | 142 (32.9) | |
| 2010 | 42 (16.8) | 47 (26.0) | 89 (20.6) | |
| 2011 | 66 (26.4) | 40 (22.1) | 106 (24.6) | |
| 2012 | 61 (24.4) | 33 (18.2) | 94 (21.8) |
As shown in Figure 1, the highest and lowest rates of self - burning cases are seen among females with 2.84 and 1.52 per 100 000 people per year during 2009 and 2010, respectively. In contrast, the rates in males were found to be 1.09 and 0.52 per 100 000 people per year in the same years, respectively.
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Self - Burning Rate Based on Gender During 2009 to 2012
Furthermore, 181 cases of all 16,696 cases of suicide attempt (1.1%) were self - burning. Most self - burning attempts were observed among females (71.8%), married (56.9%), and those living in rural areas (49.7%). The other demographic characteristics of the study subjects are shown in Table 1.
Table 2 displays that the majority of self - burning attempts occured in the spring (35.9%) and in those without a history of physical (89.5%) and mental (80.7%) illnesses and previous attempts (93.4%).
As shown in Figure 2, the highest and lowest rates of self - burning attempts among females occurred in 2.25 and 1.01 per 100 000 people in 2009 and 2012, respectively. In contrast, the mentioned rates were 0.71 and 0.51 among males in 2009 and 2011, respectively.
As shown in Figure 3, the highest and lowest percentages of mortality caused by self - burning that occurred among females were 65.57% and 47.69% in 2012 and 2010, respectively. Nonetheless, the percentages were 63.64% and 45.83% among males, respectively, in the same years.
Table 3 summarizes the results of the multivariable logistic regression model. Based on the results, there was no association between studied variables and self - burning cases versus self - burning attempts in either unadjusted or adjusted models.
Factors Associated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Self - Burning Cases Versus Self - Burning Attempts in Logistic Regression Model During 2009 to 2012a, b
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | OR | 95% CI | P-Value | OR | 95% CI | P-Value |
| Gender | 0.748 | 0.415 | ||||
| Female | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Male | 1.072 | 0.702 - 1.635 | 1.344 | 0.660 - 2.741 | ||
| Age Groups | 0.455 | 0.109 | ||||
| 5 - 14 | 1.842 | 0.182 - 12.895 | 2.674 | 0.470 - 15.201 | ||
| 15 - 24 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| 25 - 34 | 0.698 | 0.446 - 1.093 | 0.519 | 0.304 - 0.886 | ||
| 35 - 44 | 0.912 | 0.507 - 1.642 | 0.618 | 0.311 - 1.225 | ||
| 45 - 54 | 1.624 | 0.640 - 4.120 | 1.194 | 0.422 - 3.383 | ||
| 55 + | 0.789 | 0.295 - 2.113 | 0.520 | 0.173 - 1.567 | ||
| Educational Level | 0.093 | 0.113 | ||||
| Illiterate | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Primary | 1.644 | 0.732 - 3.695 | 1.931 | 0.789 - 4.725 | ||
| Secondary | 0.928 | 0.182 - 4.721 | 1.013 | 0.430 - 2.387 | ||
| High school | 1.050 | 0.506 - 2.179 | 0.894 | 0.359 - 2.228 | ||
| University | 0.825 | 0.399 - 1.706 | 1.205 | 0.202 - 7.199 | ||
| Unknown | 0.557 | 0.242 - 1.281 | 0.564 | 0.207 - 1.536 | ||
| Marital Status | 0.795 | 0.662 | ||||
| Single | 0.887 | 0.595 - 1.323 | 0.940 | 0.542 - 1.629 | ||
| Married | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Divorced | 0.546 | 0.143 - 2.081 | 0.454 | 0.102 - 2.018 | ||
| Unknown | 0.909 | 0.199 - 4.149 | 1.856 | 0.292 - 11.777 | ||
| Occupation | 0.576 | 0.401 | ||||
| Self - employed | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Unemployed | 0.829 | 0.395 - 1.741 | 0.855 | 0.359 - 2.037 | ||
| Housewife | 0.920 | 0.519 - 1.630 | 1.118 | 0.479 - 2.607 | ||
| Student | 0.431 | 0.184 - 1.009 | 0.332 | 0.112 - 0.991 | ||
| Worker | 0.769 | 0.267 - 2.220 | 0.739 | 0.246 - 2.220 | ||
| Other | 0.862 | 0.331 - 2.245 | 0.863 | 0.294 - 2.539 | ||
| Unknown | 0.615 | 0.115 - 3.299 | 0.640 | 0.070 - 5.853 | ||
| Place of Residence | 0.074 | 0.065 | ||||
| Village | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| City | 0.639 | 0.433 - 0.944 | 0.610 | 0.401 - 0.927 | ||
| Unknown | 0.592 | 0.117 - 2.996 | 0.563 | 0.079 - 4.023 | ||
| Suicide Attempts History | 0.701 | 0.871 | ||||
| Yes | 1.158 | 0.547 - 2.451 | 1.070 | 0.475 - 2.409 | ||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Physical Illness History | 0.628 | 0.864 | ||||
| Yes | 1.163 | 0.632 - 2.139 | 1.059 | 0.549 - 2.042 | ||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Mental Illness History | 0.073 | 0.155 | ||||
| Yes | 1.527 | 0.961 - 2.427 | 1.464 | 0.865 - 2.478 | ||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Season | 0.737 | 0.792 | ||||
| Spring | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Summer | 1.175 | 0.694 - 1.989 | 1.100 | 0.618 - 1.960 | ||
| Fall | 1.183 | 0.672 - 2.082 | 1.160 | 0.598 - 2.249 | ||
| Winter | 1.322 | 0.807 - 2.168 | 1.329 | 0.767 - 2.303 | ||
| Year | 0.076 | 0.083 | ||||
| 2009 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| 2010 | 0.673 | 0.395 - 1.146 | 0.698 | 0.378 - 1.289 | ||
| 2011 | 1.243 | 0.743 - 2.078 | 1.434 | 0.799 - 2.574 | ||
| 2012 | 1.392 | 0.813 - 2.385 | 1.399 | 0.766 - 2.553 | ||
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Self - Burning Attempts Rate Based on Gender during 2009 to 2012
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Percentage of Mortality Caused by Self - Burning Based on Gender 2009 to 2012
5. Discussion
Overall, 38.7% of suicides had taken place through self - burning. This figure is rather similar to 34%, which depicts the average percentage of suicides in Iran by self - burning (10, 11). However, it highlights a rather lower percentage when compared with other parts of Iran, including 69% in Ahvaz (16), 78.6% in Masjed Soleiman (17), and 79% in Mazandaran (18).
Moreover, as in the previous research performed inside and outside of the country, especially in countries with rather similar social, economical, and cultural norms (16, 19-21), females were found to constitute the majority of self - burning cases and the female/male ratio (2.38) was significantly high in this respect. Nevertheless, this result was somewhat different from results reported from western countries. For example, the results of some studies conducted in America (22-24) or Bulgaria (25) demonstrated that self - burning rate in males was significantly higher than in females.
Therefore, it seems that being a female could be considered as an important risk factor in self - burning in Fars and other parts of Iran (7, 14, 16). This could partially be explained by the existence of some individual and social differences between males and females in the Iranian society, including female’s higher illiteracies or having low education levels and the lack of an independent financial income (16).
In this study, most self - burning cases were found to be within the age group of 15 to 24 years. Similarly, the results of another research performed in the southwest of the country was indicative of the occurrence of most cases of self - burning within the same age group (26). Likewise, in another investigation carried out in Ahvaz city of Iran, most self - burning cases were reported to have occurred within the age group of 20 to 30 years (16). However, the results of a study carried out in Athens revealed that the average age of occurrence was 53.5 years (27).
In this research, most cases of self - burning were found to have happened among married individuals. Similarly, Zarghami et al. (18), Ahmadi et al. (10), and Ghalambor et al. (16), reported the highest bulk self - burning among married couples. Moreover, the results of an investigation carried out in Afghanistan (28), showed that most self - burning cases had occurred among married females.
In terms of educational levels and in line with a number of domestic studies, the highest self - burning rate was observed among those with secondary education (10, 16, 29). In many studies, self - burning cases were shown to have an inverse relationship with educational level, so that by increasing the level of education, self - burning occurrence was decreased (10, 16). As a result, illiteracy or low level of education along with low socio-economic situation could be considered as risk factors for self - burning (16).
Living in rural areas could also be considered as another effective factor, as in this research most cases of self - burning were found among villagers. Furthermore, in accordance with a number of previous studies (16, 18, 30, 31), most self - burning cases were found to have occurred among housewives.
In the present study, only 7.6% of the individuals that had performed self - burning were found to have had a history of suicide attempts. Nevertheless, the results of an investigation conducted in Ahvaz city of Iran demonstrated that 25% of these individuals had a history of suicide attempts (16).
In the present study, 26.8% of the self - burning subjects were found with a history of psychiatric disorders. Other studies have shown that a history of mental illness, especially depression, is one of the most important risk factor for suicidal behaviors (32, 33).
The results of the current study also highlighted that spring and winter were seasons, during which the highest bulk of self - burning had occurred, respectively. The increasing bulk of self - burning in cold seasons could be explained by the availability of and easy access to fuels, such as kerosene.
Although by using CSPPC this study presents a more reliable picture of self - burning within the Fars province of Iran, the authors emphasize that CSPPC has its limitations. For example, it does not include the cause and/or motivation for self - burning, type of fuel used, burn degree, burning location, and individual’s socio - economic status. Therefore, the authors strongly suggest that CSPPC should be revised to include such important information.
5.1. Conclusion
The findings of the current study are indicative of a high occurrence of self - burning among young married female. Therefore, it is vital to provide this at - risk group with the necessary prevention programs. Moreover, as it is suggested by a number of other studies (34, 35), a comprehensive social campaign is needed to prevent self - immolation among young married females.
Acknowledgements
References
-
1.
Bursztein Lipsicas C, Makinen IH, Apter A, De Leo D, Kerkhof A, Lonnqvist J, et al. Attempted suicide among immigrants in European countries: an international perspective. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012;47(2):241-51. [PubMed ID: 21197530]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0336-6.
-
2.
WHO. Suicide prevention (SUPRE). [cited 14 Jan]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/ suicideprevent/en/.
-
3.
Grzywa A, Kucmin A, Kucmin T. [Suicide problems--epidemiology, factors, motives and prevention. Part II]. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2010;28(164):174-6. [PubMed ID: 20369751].
-
4.
Krug EG, Mercy JA, Dahlberg LL, Zwi AB. The world report on violence and health. Lancet. 2002;360(9339):1083-8. [PubMed ID: 12384003]. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11133-0.
-
5.
Kanchan T, Menon A, Menezes RG. Methods of choice in completed suicides: gender differences and review of literature. J Forensic Sci. 2009;54(4):938-42. [PubMed ID: 19486437]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01054.x.
-
6.
Saberi-Zafaghandi MB, Hajebi A, Eskandarieh S, Ahmadzad-Asl M. Epidemiology of suicide and attempted suicide derived from the health system database in the Islamic Republic of Iran: 2001-2007. East Mediterr Health J. 2012;18(8):836-41. [PubMed ID: 23057372].
-
7.
Rezaeian M. Epidemiology of Suicide (in Persian). Arak: Nevisandeh Publications; 2009.
-
8.
Burns.Peden M, Oyegbite K, Ozanne-Smith J, Hyder AA, Branche C, Rahman A, editors. World Report on Child Injury Prevention. Geneva; 2008.
-
9.
Mock C, Peck M, Peden M, Krug E. A WHO Plan for Burn Prevention and Care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
-
10.
Ahmadi A. Suicide by self-immolation: comprehensive overview, experiences and suggestions. J Burn Care Res. 2007;28(1):30-41. [PubMed ID: 17211198]. https://doi.org/10.1097/BCR.0b013E31802C8878.
-
11.
Ahmadi A, Ytterstad B. Prevention of self-immolation by community-based intervention. Burns. 2007;33(8):1032-40. [PubMed ID: 17544221]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2006.11.015.
-
12.
Rezaeian M. Hatami H, Razavi S, Eftekhar Ardebil H, Majlesi F, Sayed Nozadi M, Parizadeh S, editors. Epidemiology of Suicide (in Persian). 3. Tehran: Arjmand; 2004.
-
13.
Yazdanbakhsh M, Jamshidi Z, Ranjbar H, Ranjbaran Z, Nikzad NK. Statistical Yearbook -2011 Fars province. Deputy of planning and employment of the Fars province Statistics Office; 2012.
-
14.
Zarenezhad M, Gorgi Z, Sheikh Fathollahi M, Gholamzadeh S, Ghadipasha M, Rezaeian M. A Survey on Epidemiology of Suicide in Fars Province in south of Iran during 2003 to 2011(in Persian). J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2014;13(12):1129-40.
-
15.
Rezaeian M. Comparing the Statistics of Iranian Ministry of Health with Data of Iranian Statistical Center Regarding Recorded Suicidal Cases in Iran (in Persian). J Health Syst Res. 2013;8(7):1190-6.
-
16.
Ghalambor A, Zarei J, Pipelzadeh MH. Assessment of Personal and Social Characteristics as Risk Factors in Self-Inflicted Burns (in Persian). Sci Med J. 2010;9(3):233-46.
-
17.
Saadat M, Bahaoddini A, Mohabatkar H, Noemani K. High incidence of suicide by burning in Masjid-i-Sulaiman (southwest of Iran), a polluted area with natural sour gas leakage. Burns. 2004;30(8):829-32. [PubMed ID: 15555796]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2004.06.003.
-
18.
Zarghami M, Khalilian A. Deliberate self-burning in Mazandaran, Iran. Burns. 2002;28(2):115-9. [PubMed ID: 11900933].
-
19.
Ahmadi A. Frequency of self-immolation in attempted suicide patients in West Islam Abad city (1997-2002) (in Persian). Behbood. 2005;9(1):26-36.
-
20.
Laloe V, Ganesan M. Self-immolation a common suicidal behaviour in eastern Sri Lanka. Burns. 2002;28(5):475-80. [PubMed ID: 12163288].
-
21.
Mabrouk AR, Mahmod Omar AN, Massoud K, Magdy Sherif M, El Sayed N. Suicide by burns: a tragic end. Burns. 1999;25(4):337-9. [PubMed ID: 10431982].
-
22.
Pham TN, King JR, Palmieri TL, Greenhalgh DG. Predisposing factors for self-inflicted burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2003;24(4):223-7. [PubMed ID: 14501416]. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BCR.0000075970.36430.7F.
-
23.
Reiland A, Hovater M, McGwin GJ, Rue L3, Cross JM. The epidemiology of intentional burns. J Burn Care Res. 2006;27(3):276-80. [PubMed ID: 16679893]. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BCR.0000216301.48038.F3.
-
24.
Krummen DM, James K, Klein RL. Suicide by burning: a retrospective review of the Akron Regional Burn Center. Burns. 1998;24(2):147-9. [PubMed ID: 9625241].
-
25.
Hadjiiski O, Todorov P. Suicide by self-inflicted burns. Burns. 1996;22(5):381-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4179(95)00172-7.
-
26.
Mohammadi AA, Danesh N, Sabet B, Amini M, Jalaeian H. Self-inflicted burn injuries in southwest Iran. J Burn Care Res. 2008;29(5):778-83. [PubMed ID: 18695612]. https://doi.org/10.1097/BCR.0b013e31818481ac.
-
27.
Tsati E, Iconomou T, Tzivaridou D, Keramidas E, Papadopoulos S, Tsoutsos D. Self-inflicted burns in Athens, Greece: a six-year retrospective study. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2005;26(1):75-8. [PubMed ID: 15640739].
-
28.
Report of Factors for Suicide in Woman in South West of Afghanistan (in Persian). [cited 14 Jan]. Available from: www.AIHRC.org .af/index_dari.htm.
-
29.
Groohi B, Rossignol AM, Barrero SP, Alaghehbandan R. Suicidal behavior by burns among adolescents in Kurdistan, Iran: a social tragedy. Crisis. 2006;27(1):16-21. [PubMed ID: 16642911]. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.27.1.16.
-
30.
Maghsoudi H, Garadagi A, Jafary GA, Azarmir G, Aali N, Karimian B, et al. Women victims of self-inflicted burns in Tabriz, Iran. Burns. 2004;30(3):217-20. [PubMed ID: 15082346]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2003.10.010.
-
31.
Lari AR, Joghataei MT, Adli YR, Zadeh YA, Alaghehbandan R. Epidemiology of suicide by burns in the province of Isfahan, Iran. J Burn Care Res. 2007;28(2):307-11. [PubMed ID: 17351450]. https://doi.org/10.1097/BCR.0B013E318031A27F.
-
32.
Cavaiola AA, Lavender N. Suicidal behavior in chemically dependent adolescents. Adolescence. 1999;34(136):735-44. [PubMed ID: 10730697].
-
33.
Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan and Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Landon: Lippincott Co; 2004.
-
34.
Rezaeian M. Social campaigns are needed to stop any forms of self-immolation. Burns. 2014;40(2):356-7. [PubMed ID: 24268644]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2013.09.009.
-
35.
Rezaeian M. Why it is so important to prevent self-immolation around the globe? Burns. 2013;39(6):1322-3. [PubMed ID: 23623217]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2013.03.019.