1. Background
Despite the acceptability of open surgical repair in patients with aortic aneurysm or dissection, particularly for those considered fit enough to withstand major surgery, the survival rate of the patients undergoing open surgery remains low (1). In the recent decade, the availability of new devices and enhancement of the quality of procedural capabilities have ushered improvement in the treatment outcome and reduction of the rates of morbidity and mortality (2, 3).
Endovascular therapy and stent-graft interventions are exciting new frontiers in the treatment of aortic disorders and they can be effectively achieved with high technical success rates and confer favorable survival rates (4, 5). These minimally invasive approaches have considerable perioperative advantages such as reduced blood loss, reduced stay in the intensive care unit, shortened hospital stay, and increased number of patients discharged to home (6). Furthermore, these procedures reduce short-term mortality rates to less than 2% (7, 8). The present study describes our initial four-year experiences of elective endovascular aortic repair for the first time in Iran reported at Tehran Heart Center, a major referral heart center in Iran.
2. Objectives
The aim of this study was to describe the results of all first endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) experiences in Iran with midterm follow-up, to describe the safety and efficacy of this surgical alternative procedure in Iranian patients.
3. Patients and Methods
Between December 2006 and June 2009, a total of 51 patients underwent EVAR, of which 36 patients underwent endovascular abdominal aneurysm repair (mean age = 69.6 years, 94.4% male), seven patients underwent endovascular thoracic aneurysm repair (mean age = 67.3 years, 100% male), and eight patients underwent endovascular repair of the aortic dissection (mean age = 55.1 years, 62.5% male) at Tehran Heart Center. The demographic characteristics and co-morbidities of the patients are listed in (Table 1).
| Characteristics and Risk Factors | AAA Group (n = 36) | TAA Group (n = 7) | TAD Group (n = 8) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male/Female | 34/2 | 7/0 | 5/3 |
| Mean age, y | 69.61 ± 8.31 | 67.59 ± 9.51 | 55.13 ± 14.49 |
| Current smoking | 14 (38.9) | 4 (57.1) | 1 (12.5) |
| Hypertension | 21 (58.3) | 6 (85.7) | 8 (100) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 5 (13.9) | 0 | 1 (12.5) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 8 (22.2) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (12.5) |
| Malignancy | 6 (16.7) | 0 | 0 |
| Previous CABG | 12 (33.3) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (12.5) |
| Previous PCI | 8 (22.2) | 2 (28.6) | 1 (12.5) |
a Abbreviations: AAA, abdominal aortic aneurysm; TAA, thoracic aortic aneurysm; TAD, thoracic aortic dissection; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
b Values are presented as mean±SD or No.(%).
Regarding clinical manifestations, the most common symptoms in the group with abdominal aneurysm repair were abdominal pain (27.8%), followed by abdominal mass (8.3%) and both symptoms (2.8%) and the remaining symptoms (61.1%) were incidentally manifested. In the patients who experienced endovascular repair of the thoracic aorta aneurysm, one patient had an abdominal mass, two patients had chest pain, another one had hemoptysis, and the others were incidentally revealed. In the group with endovascular repair of the aortic dissection, three patients were diagnosed with subacute type B dissection with typical chest pain and five patients were diagnosed with chronic type B dissection (four cases with chest pain and another one with dysphagia).
With respect to the overall prevalence of the risk profiles, current smoking was more frequently observed in the patients undergoing thoracic aneurysm repair, while a history of hyperlipidemia and diabetes was more prevalent in those who underwent abdominal aneurysm repair. Systolic hypertension was more prevalent in the aortic dissection group than in the other groups. Previous coronary revascularization was more frequently observed in the patients who underwent abdominal aneurysm repair than in the other groups. In this case series study, all patients who had received the diagnosis of either AAA, thoracic aortic aneurysm or pseudo aneurysm, or aortic dissection who had undergone elective endovascular repair at Tehran Heart Center between December 2006 and June 2009 by our team were reviewed. The candidates were patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms with or without involvement of iliac branches, descending thoracic aortic aneurysms with or without involvement of concomitant abdominal aorta, or type B subacute or chronic dissection unsuitable for open surgery due to old age, underlying diseases, or a previous history of surgical interventions. We began EVAR based on our previous experiences on aorta interventions in our center (3, 5, 9-11).
The main indications for endovascular intervention in the aortic aneurysm were an asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm diameter > 5.5 cm or a thoracic aortic aneurysm diameter >5.0 cm, enlarging at least 0.5 cm within six months or at least 1 cm within one year, or smaller symptomatic aneurysm cases. The indications for endovascular interventions in type B aortic dissection were persistent pain despite adequate pain management and critical visceral involvement. Our inclusion and exclusion criteria for case selection were based on the large United Kingdom EVAR 1 and 2 registry for AAA (1, 7), and VALOR trial for TAA (12) (Table 2). All of the patients underwent multislice CT angiography (256-slices CT Angiography, Siemens, Berlin, Germany) with 5mm slices in our center, and current sizing was done by our expert radiologist. Then stent graft sizing and selection was performed by a team, including an interventionist, a surgeon, a radiologist and Medtronic company sizing technician (Figure 1). The Tehran heart center surgery database, operative notes, radiology records, and individual surgeon case lists were all utilized to corroborate the information. The study was approved by the institutional review board and the research committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
Table 2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for EVAR and TEVAR a
| Type of criteria | Criteria |
|---|---|
| Inclusion Criteria | 1. Asymptomatic AAA ≥ 5.5 cm |
| 2. Symptomatic AAA ≥ 3.5 cm | |
| 3. Descending thoracic AA ≥ 5 cm | |
| 4. Descending thoracic pseudoaneurysm | |
| 5. Subacute or chronic type B, AD with symptoms | |
| 6. Suitable proximal and distal neck for EVAR | |
| Exclusion Criteria | 1. Creatinine level ≥ 2 mg/dL |
| 2. Patient preference for open surgery | |
| 3. Unsuitable peripheral arterial access | |
| 4. Unsuitable proximal and distal neck | |
| 5. Patient survival ≤ 1 year |
a Abbreviations: AAA, abdominal aortic aneurysm; AD, aortic dissection; AA, aortic aneurysm; TEVAR, thoracic endovascular aortic repair.
Figure 1.
Pre- and post-EVAR and TEVAR images. A, AAA pre-EVAR; B, AAA post-EVAR; C, TAA pre-TEVAR; D, TAA post-TEVAR; E, AD pre-TEVAR; F, AD post-TEVAR
For stent graft implantation, after the determination of the location and diameter of the lesion via multi-slice CT scan or angiography, the patients typically received general anesthesia and stent-grafts were inserted through the common femoral arteriotomy site and deployed once the adequate position had been confirmed under the image intensifier. All the stent grafts were talent or endorant stent-grafts (Medtronic) in the abdominal aortic aneurysms and valiant thoracic stent-grafts (Medtronic) in the thoracic aortic aneurysms or dissections.
3.1. Statistical Analysis
The descriptive statistics were reported as mean ± standard deviation for the continuous variables and absolute frequencies and percentages for the categorical variables. The survival rate was measured using the Kaplan-Meier method.
4. Results
The primary outcome was the procedural success rate, in-hospital mortality, post-procedural major complications, need for blood transfusion, postoperative anemia or creatinine rise, and length of hospital stay. The patients were followed up clinically and had at least one aortic imaging in the first six months with multi-slice CT angiography assessed by an experienced radiologist to evaluate the presence of endoleaks, thrombosis, change in lesion diameter, and stent migration. An endoleak refers to the persistence of the flow within the aneurysm sac despite endovascular prosthesis. Endoleaks are classified as type I-IV (13, 14).
The mortality and complication rates within the follow-up period were predetermined secondary end-points in the original trial design. The outcome events analyzed were deaths from all causes, aneurysm-related deaths, major complications, and re-interventions.
4.1. In-Hospital and Short-Term Results of Endovascular Repair
The procedural success rate was 100%, in-hospital and one-month follow-up mortality was only one in-hospital AAA EVAR case (2.8%), who had post procedural CVA and finally died. There were no other major complications such as MI, paraplegia, stroke, peripheral emboli, infection and others in in-hospital and short-term follow-up. Some minor complications like low-grade fever due to post implantation syndrome, mild uremia, mild anemia, and gastrointestinal symptoms were seen that were successfully managed in this period. Moreover, 11% of the patients with abdominal aneurysm repair experienced an elevation in the serum creatinine level of more than 30% over the baseline and also, a decrease in the hemoglobin level to less than 9 gm/L was found more frequently in the group with aortic dissection repair. Seven patients in the group with abdominal aneurysm repair and one patient in the group with dissection repair required blood transfusion, whereas none of the patients undergoing thoracic aneurysm repair received blood transfusion. The total lengths of in-hospital and intensive care unit stay were shorter in our AAA EVAR group than the aortic dissection TEVAR group (Table 3).
| Clinical Data | AAA Group (n = 36) | TAA Group (n = 7) | TAD Group (n = 8) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Symptomatic patients | 14 (38.9) | 4 (57.1) | 8 (100) |
| Length of hospital stay, day | 7.36±4.81 | 8.00±3.96 | 13.25±9.27 |
| Length of ICU stay, day | 3.08±5.01 | 2.291.38 | 3.75±5.00 |
| Creatinine rise > 30% | 4 (11.1) | 0 | 0 |
| Hemoglobin reduction > 2.5, g/dL | 12 (33.3) | 1 (14.3) | 3 (37.5) |
| In-hospital morbidity | 4 (11.1) | 1 (14.3) | 2 (25) |
| In-hospital mortality | 1 (2.8) | 0 | 0 |
| Mid-term morbidity | 8 (22.2) | 1 (14.3) | 6 (75.0) |
| Survival rate | 29 (80.7) | 6 (85.7) | 5 (65.6) |
a Abbreviation: AAA, abdominal aortic aneurysm; TAA, thoracic aortic aneurysm; TAD, thoracic aortic dissection.
b Values are presented as No.(%) or mean ± SD.
4.2. Mid-Term Follow-Up Complications After EVAR and TEVAR
- In the group that underwent EVAR for AAA, endoleak type II was revealed in seven patients who were treated conservatively. Distal endoleak type I was observed in only one patient, who underwent re-stenting during some session. One patient with a previous history of chronic renal failure experienced an acute episode of renal failure with fever but negative blood culture. This patient was treated with antibiotics and did not need hemodialysis. Another heavy smoker patient developed post procedural symptoms of acute limb ischemia due to stent thrombosis with a dissecting flap. This patient was necessitated re-stenting during the same admission. He did not have any complications in follow-up. One of the patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction suffered foot paraparesis (with the final diagnosis of emboli in the lower limb) in follow-up and died finally after 6 months with the clinical feature of pneumonia and sepsis. One diabetic patient with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) developed subacute lower-limb ischemia during the in-hospital period. This patient underwent femoro-femoral bypass surgery fifty-five days after the primary procedure and in the two-year follow-up had no problem. One of the patients in this group with a previous history of CABG experienced late (four month) acute limb ischemia in the left lower limb. This patient underwent interventional thrombectomy and balloon angioplasty four months after the primary procedure. Also, in the six-month follow-up,another patient suffered from severe type Ib endoleak and pseudoaneurysm formation. This patient was re-hospitalized and subjected to re-stenting six months after the primary intervention. Forty days after the second procedure, this patient had abdominal pain and underwent surgical operation due to aortic aneurysm rupture, but unfortunately expired due to cardiac arrest during surgery. Finally, four patients died during the follow-up period because of non-procedure-related reasons.
- In the endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysm (TEVAR) group, endoleaks occurred in none of the patients in the follow-up period. Only one patient who was a heavy smoker developed mild hemoptysis that re-evaluated and there was no problem in his CT scan and CT angiography. This patient, however, expired at home a few months later with the clinical feature like this complication.
- In the endovascular repair of aortic dissection group, a 67-year-old hypertensive female had the clinical evidence of dissection expansion from the re-entrance about two months after the endovascular repair. She was not a suitable case for re-intervention or surgery and expired at home following severe chest pain. Another patient, a 74-year-old female, who had prolonged fever with a negative blood culture, with the probable diagnosis of acute arteritis was treated with intravenous antibiotics. Six months after the treatment, she suffered severe chest pain at home and expired with an unknown cause. A 35-year-old man with the diagnosis of Marfan syndrome and a history of bental surgery underwent thoracoabdominal surgical aortic repair due to stent-related edge dissection about twenty-two months after the primary procedure. The procedure was successful and with no complications. A 36-year-old woman underwent re-stenting with the diagnosis of re-dissection six months after TEVAR and had no complications within follow-up.
4.3. Follow-Up Survival of EVAR Patients
From the beginning of EVAR in 2006 to 2009, 100% of the patients who were treated by our team had been followed up for an average of thirteen months in the group with endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm, for an average of 18 months in the group with endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysm, and for an average of 15 months in the group with endovascular repair of aortic dissection. Totally, nine patients died during this follow-up. The cumulative rate of death was 16.7% (six cases) in the abdominal aortic aneurysm group (four patients by non-cardiac causes and only two patients by aneurysm-related causes), 14.3% (one case) in the thoracic aortic aneurysm group (following severe hemoptysis), and 25.0% (two cases) in the aortic dissection group (one following an expansion of the dissection from re-entrance and the second one, with the clinical feature of chest pain and unknown exact reason). The severe event-free survival rates were 80.7% for endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm, 85.7% for endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysm, and 65.6% for endovascular repair of aortic dissection (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Survival analysis according to Kaplan-Meier curves in EVAR AAA (A) and TEVAR TAA (B) groups
5. Discussion
Since the first endovascular repair of aortic disorders, many vascular surgery centers have selected this procedure for treating thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms as well as aortic dissections, where its application has contributed to reduction in postoperative poor outcome (15). In the present report, for the first time, we described our clinical experiences in endovascular repair of aortic disorders at Tehran Heart Center, a major referral heart center in Iran and the Middle East. Based on our descriptive findings, the endovascular stent-graft repair of both abdominal and thoracic aortic aneurysms was achieved with high technical success rates (100% in the first 51 cases) and low in-hospital and short-term rates of early mortality (2.8% in AAA and 0.0%in TAA), low early morbidity, and relatively acceptable hospital stay. In this regard, our findings confirmed the reports of previous surveys reporting procedural success rates higher than 90% and acceptable patient outcomes (16-20). Although the mid-term survival rate in our patients in the different subgroups was acceptable, it has been shown that the early benefits of this procedure are not sustained at follow-up where the mortality is comparable to that of open repair but at an increased cost. Most similar studies have reported early mortality rates of 5% - 8% (21-25). In another report, it has been suggested that the early death rate directly depends on the risk stratification, so that the thirty-day mortality rate in large stent-graft series ranges from 0.7% in low-risk populations to 15.7% in high-risk patients (26). Nonetheless, our results are similar to those of two recently reported retrospective, controlled studies studying abdominal aneurysm endovascular repair, in which the one-year survival rate after endovascular repair was 95% and the respective two-year survival rate was approximately 89%. These rates are very close to our findings (27, 28). The rate of complication-free survival was lower in some other studies (65.5% at two years) (29, 30).
In our study, five patients in the AAA EVAR group experienced re-intervention with an incidence rate of 13.9% and two patients in aortic dissection group with an incidence rate of 37.5%. Nevertheless, re-intervention was not observed in the group with thoracic aortic aneurysm. It is worthy of note that re-intervention following open surgery can appear comparable with that seen with elective endovascular repair (30, 31), but late re-interventions related to abdominal aortic aneurysms can be more common after endovascular repair (32). These reoperations are usually performed following the appearance of procedural complications such as stent-graft migration, endoleaks, total occlusion of the stent graft, and structural deteriorations that may give rise to re-enlargement of the aortic aneurysm with subsequent catastrophic sequelae (32-35). The most common cause of re-intervention is the endoleak. Some authors believe that repairing any leak persisting for more than three months after the endovascular treatment of an aortic aneurysm is necessary (36).
With respect to management of aortic dissection by endovascular repair in our participants, serious procedural complications appeared more often in these patients than in those who suffered from aortic aneurysms, and the former group had a notably lower mid-term survival rate than the other groups.
We herein reported the short- and mid to long-term results of the stent-graft technique in patients with aortic aneurysms or dissections amongst the Iranian population. Still, a thorough long-term evaluation of the outcomes in terms of cost and quality of life for these patients is recommended.
Endovascular stent-graft repair of abdominal and thoracic aortic aneurysms as well as aortic dissection was achieved with high technical success rates in tandem with low rates of early mortality and early morbidity, acceptable hospital stay, and acceptable mid-term survival rate among our Iranian patients. Symptom-free survival is better in aortic aneurysm EVAR than aortic dissection. EVAR is the acceptable treatment especially in inoperable patients who have other comorbidities.
