Evaluation of Late Gadolinium Enhancement and Cardiac Cine-MRI Based on Artificial Intelligence in a Patient with Selenium Deficiency Cardiomyopathy (Keshan Disease): A Case Report

1. Introduction

Keshan disease is an endemic cardiomyopathy with unknown causes (1). It can be divided into four clinical types: acute, sub-acute, slow and potential. The disease mainly invades the myocardium, manifested by myocardial degeneration, necrosis, repair and other changes. MRI can objectively reflect the above pathological mechanism and characteristics, but there is no relevant literature report at present. Acute Keshan disease mainly occurs in northern China. It occurs in women during childbearing period. Subacute Keshan disease mainly occurs in southwestern China and in children aged 3 - 8 years (2). Keshan disease is closely related to dietary nutrition. The single dietary structure, low nutrition and low selenium increase the incidence of Keshan disease. The clinical manifestations of Keshan disease usually include general discomfort, heart distress, chest tightness, nausea, paleness, lower limb edema and other symptoms and signs.

2. Case Presentation

A 51-year-old male patient was sent to our hospital for about 3 weeks because of chest tightness, fatigue and cough. He was once ill with hepatitis B virus and underwent a liver biopsy, indicating mild to moderate active hepatitis and fibrosis without obvious jaundice. One year ago, he had chest pain for unknown inducement and was accompanied by ventricular arrhythmia, and was treated with medication to prevent arrhythmia and ventricular remodeling. Thyroid function tests were normal. There was no clinical or pathological evidence of hypertension. Two days after admission, he gradually fell into a coma, by heart failure associated with ventricular arrhythmia. Resuscitative measures were initially successful. Troponin value was significantly increased (0.74 µg/L), with a slight increase in B-type natriuretic peptide (143 pg/mL) in laboratory blood tests. His resting electrocardiograph showed raised ST segments in all leads. The provisional clinical diagnosis was probable stress-induced cardiomyopathy leading to spastic ischemia of the coronary artery, while coronary atherosclerotic heart disease was not the first consideration. The patient gave informed consent to the work, and all examinations were conducted in accordance with the guiding principles of Medical Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College.

No sign of heart disease was found in the previous chest radiograph, 24-hour electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring or emergency bedside echocardiography. To further assess the origin of troponin-elevation, a cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) study was performed (3.0 T, Ingenia, Philips Medical Systems, Netherlands). Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was considered to be a reference standard for evaluating myocardial survival and myocardial interstitial fibrosis. It was performed 10 minutes after gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent injected, which might provide important information for the prognosis of non ischemic cardiomyopathy and myocarditis (3). In order to prove that there was a feasible region of high signal intensity caused by edema, the steady-state free precession sequence of cine MRI was used for the long axis of four and two cavities, the fast spin echo sequence of black blood was used for the short axis plane, the double inversion recovery was used to suppress the blood signal, and the additional inversion recovery pulse was used to suppress the fat signal. Then, a series of short axis slices were obtained by cine MRI sequence to evaluate regional and global biventricular functional dynamics. After perfusion imaging, gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) of 0.1 mmol/kg was administered at a rate of 2.0 mL/s. After 10 minutes, inverse recovery (IR) and segmented gradient echo (LGE-MRI) sequences were used to obtain lge-mri images with each layer holding breath. These typical settings were as follows: in the short axis view, a group of eight adjacent slices had the same orientation as perfusion imaging. In the case of no cross gap, the slice thickness was 10 mm, the field of view (FOV) was 320 mm, the repetition time (TR)/echo time (TE) was 6.1/3.0 MS, the turning angle was 25°, and the matrix was 192 × 160. CMRI showed LGE in the areas other than the anterior wall of the left ventricle, accompanied by irregular epicardial LGE mainly in the left ventricular apex. (Figure 1A-C). This rather typical enhancement pattern excluded coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. In addition, it was neither like restrictive cardiomyopathy, nor like the decompensated period of hypertensive heart disease. No sign of cytotoxic edema or interstitial edema was found in the T2-weighted sequences with fat suppression in four-chamber and two-chamber long-axis. Viral myocarditis did not accord with the above manifestations (4). Some rare cardiomyopathies such as alcoholic heart disease could not be completely ruled out for the time being. A series of short axis sections were obtained by cine MRI sequence to evaluate the local and global biventricular functional dynamics. According to the American Heart Association (AHA), 16 segments of left ventricular myocardium (excluding the 17th segment) were quantitatively analyzed for global left ventricular function parameters and wall thickening rates (5). Drawing of the contour of endocardium and epicardium on the short axis plane of cine MRI image was based on artificial intelligence (Figure 2A-C). Cardio DL, the first CMRI artificial intelligence software approved by FDA and certified by CE in Europe, was applied to post-processing analysis of CMRI images in this study. Results of left ventricular function parameters calculated by artificial intelligence (AI): end-systolic volume (ESV) 98.14 mL, end-diastolic volume (EDV) 121.59 mL, ejection fraction (EF) 35.13%, end-diastolic dimension (EDD) 47.49 mm, fraction shortening (FS) 24.83%, myocardial mass (MM) 62.74 g, output (CO) 3.49 L/min, stroke volume (SV) 42.71 mL, cardiac and cardiac index (CI) 3.09 L/min.m². It was found that the abnormality of cardiac structure and function mainly manifest as myocardium thinning, chamber volume enlarging, systolic dysfunction and diastolic dysfunction. Therefore, rare cardiomyopathy was suspected. Through a series of systematic clinical history and more examinations, it was found that the serum selenium value was abnormally decreased (0.4, the reference value ranged from 0.9 to 2.0 µmol/L). Histologic examination of the myocardium of the left ventricle by biopsy showed myocardial cells with abnormal manifestations of different sizes and shapes. There were many fibrous tissues in the myocardial interstitium, which proved the degeneration and necrosis of myocardial cells. Viral infection was fully confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis of T-lymphocytes and monocytes. Monoclonal antibody 5-D8/1 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization with enterovirus-specific probes (digoxin labelled) was performed (Figure 3). The presence of VP1 and/or viral genomic RNA was detected in the samples collected and screened. The diagnosis of Keshan disease was based on selenium deficiency and the above-mentioned myocardial microscopic manifestations.

A 51 year-old man with a diffuse form of Keshan disease. A, Short-axis; B, Four-chamber; and C, Long-axis delayed-enhancement images. Nodular midmyocardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) (arrows in A and B) in the areas other than the anterior wall of the left ventricle, accompanied by irregular epicardial LGE (arrow in C) mainly in the left ventricular apex.

Figure 1.

A 51 year-old man with a diffuse form of Keshan disease. A, Short-axis; B, Four-chamber; and C, Long-axis delayed-enhancement images. Nodular midmyocardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) (arrows in A and B) in the areas other than the anterior wall of the left ventricle, accompanied by irregular epicardial LGE (arrow in C) mainly in the left ventricular apex.

A, Time-volume quantitative curve in the left ventricle; B, Color quantization mapping regional time of thickness_max in the left ventricle; and C, Color quantization mapping regional relative wall thickness in the left ventricle. Ventricular arrhythmia is demonstrated in A. High quantitative value indicates warm color, while low quantitative value indicates cold color in both B and C.

Figure 2.

A, Time-volume quantitative curve in the left ventricle; B, Color quantization mapping regional time of thicknessmax in the left ventricle; and C, Color quantization mapping regional relative wall thickness in the left ventricle. Ventricular arrhythmia is demonstrated in A. High quantitative value indicates warm color, while low quantitative value indicates cold color in both B and C.

Monoclonal antibody 5-D8/1 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization with enterovirus-specific probes (digoxin labelled) was performed.

Figure 3.

Monoclonal antibody 5-D8/1 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization with enterovirus-specific probes (digoxin labelled) was performed.

3. Discussion

The characteristic signs of enterovirus were identified in degenerated myocardial cells and interstitial fibrous tissues, and confirmed its important role in the pathological mechanism of Keshan disease, and also expressed positive signs in reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction. Keshan disease was highly similar to dilated cardiomyopathy, such as morphological changes, abnormal changes of cardiac function parameters, decreased myocardial cell activity, degeneration and necrosis, and myocardial interstitial fibrosis formation, which were easy to be misdiagnosed. Within four weeks, the patient's condition was unstable and gradually deteriorated. However, after taking selenium supplements and conventional arrhythmic drugs in line with medical treatment dose, the patient gradually recovered and was then discharged from hospital. As far as we know, this is the first reported case in which multisequencing CMRI data was obtained in the same patient with Keshan disease, which is an endemic cardiomyopathy that has occurred in China and to some extent still occurs today (6). It is suggested that patients with suspected Keshan disease should undergo CMRI multi-sequence examination (especially in morphology, left ventricular function parameter analysis and myocardial activity evaluation), because it may have great potential diagnostic and prognostic evaluation value.