Abstract
Background:
Young athletes need to comply with fair play principles including age-specific rules for each category of matches (1). Although birth certificates are considered the main document indicating the age of players, in some regions of the world, the registration of birth is subject to variation, which makes the certificates unreliable. Therefore, FIFA has tried to use imaging methods without ionizing radiation to find out the bone age as the basis for fair play confirmation. FIFA has developed a grading system consisting of I - VI levels, which can be used in teenage athletes (2). The grading system is currently used as the standard bone age determination method in football players (3,4). All national and club matches are obliged to follow screening procedures strictly like anti-doping procedures.Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of a deep learning-based automatic system that provides FIFA grades upon receiving DICOM images of the MRI study to facilitate and speed up the bone age determination.Methods:
The FIFA bone age determination system consists of six grades starting from a totally unfused epiphyseal plate (Grade I) to a completely fused plate (Grade VI) where variable progressive degrees of fusion are considered the basis for Grade II to V. The protocol includes nine slices in the coronal plane with 3 mm gaps between the slices. The recommended MR sequence is T1. Since the middle image in the nine-picture dataset is considered the most informative slice containing the largest image of the distal radius, the study was done using this single slice as the basic source of grading. Then, another volumetric set of slices 4, 5, and 6 was used as the second group. A convolutional neural network was designed in four convolutional layers including pooling, ReLU, and fully connected layers (Figure 1). Next, 55 teenage football players of the national U17 team were examined using a 1.5 Siemens Avanto Machine. The studies were interpreted by an MSK radiologist member of the AFC panel of radiologists who was aware of the FIFA scoring and grading system, as the ground truth. Thirty-six cases were used for training and 19 cases for testing of the CNN. To increase the number of training images, augmentation was performed by rotating and moving the original images. Therefore, a total number of 613 images were obtained for training and 267 images for testing.Results:
Images introduced to the neural network resulted in sequential layers of meaningful output (Figure 2). The final outcome of the network, as the FIFA grade of the case, was compared with the interpretation of the radiologist (Table 1). The findings indicated high accuracy of a single slice dataset while the accuracy approached 100% when the volumetric three slice sets were used.Conclusion:
The findings of this research indicated that CNN could be used for automatic bone age determination and FIFA grading of wrist MRI by reasonably high accuracy.Keywords
Breast Cancer Grading Mitosis Detection Histopathology Image Gaussian Mixture Model Feature Extraction
To see figures, table, and references, please refer to the PDF file.
Copyright
Copyright © 2019, Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited.