https://doi.org/10.5812/jjcdc.62315

Massage for Pain Management in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: A Review Study

authors:

avatar Mehrnaz Ahmadi ORCID 1 , avatar Mahnaz Ilkhani ORCID 2 , * , avatar Samira Beiranvand ORCID 1 , avatar Saeed Poormansouri 3 , avatar Ladan Sedighie 4

Ph.D Student, Department of Nursing, Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
Ph.D Assistant Professor, Lecturer and Director of Continuing Education Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
MSc in Nursing, Treatment Deputy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
PhD Student, Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care: Vol.7, issue 1; e62315
published online: December 30, 2017
article type: Review Article
received: August 28, 2017
revised: September 20, 2017
accepted: October 25, 2017

how to cite: Ahmadi M, Ilkhani M, Beiranvand S, Poormansouri S, Sedighie L. Massage for Pain Management in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: A Review Study. Jundishapur J Chronic Dis Care. 2018;7(1):e62315. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjcdc.62315.

Abstract

Context:

The most common side effect reported by Sickle cell disease patients is unforeseen and chronic pain crisis. A combination of pharmacological and non-drug treatments is suggested for managing pain in patients with SCD. One of the non-drug treatments is massage therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the use and effectiveness of massage in reducing pain in patients with SCD.

Evidence Acquisition:

This study is a literature review of the period of 1990 to 2016. The search was done in databases and reputable sites including Medline, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Ovid, Web of Knowledge, SID, Magiran, and Barakat using the keywords including massage therapy, pain, sickle cell, and patient. A total of 14 articles were selected for review.

Results:

Among 14 articles, five studies experimentally tested the effect of massage on reducing pain in patients with SCD, while the other nine studies only examined the rate of patients using massage and reported the rate of massage in the range between 5% and 79%. The results of the experimental studies indicated the effectiveness of massage therapy in reducing pain in patients with SCD.

Conclusions:

Massage therapy is one of the most common types of alternative medicine used for patients with SCD. Studies showed that massage therapy could have a role in reducing pain in patients with SCD. However, more extensive studies are needed in this field.

1. Context

1.1. Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the most common genetic haemoglobin disorders in the world (1). According to statistics, SCD has affected 100,000 African-Americans (2). In Iran, SCD is found in the country’s southern provinces (Sistan and Baluchistan, Hormozgan, Bushehr, Fars, and Khuzestan in particular). However, some sporadic cases can be seen in northern Iran (3).

Although some symptoms of this disease can be severe and life-threatening (4), the crisis of chronic and unforeseen pain is the most common side effect reported by patients (5). These patients require repeated visits to the emergency and hospital for medical care (6, 7). Therefore, SCD significantly affects the performance status (6) and quality of life in all dimensions (8) and can lead to reduced self-confidence, feelings of frustration, depression, anxiety, and stress (9, 10). In addition, the pain leads to high consumption of narcotic drugs (11), which are the most used treatments for these patients (12). However, this can only relieve physical pain while chronic pain also affects the emotional, cognitive, and behavioural dimensions of patients (13). Furthermore, the side effects of these drugs in the long term and their risk of abuse have created some concerns (14). In addition, inadequate pain relief can be as harmful as the disease itself (15). On the other hand, a combination of pharmacological and non-drug treatments is suggested to manage pain in patients with SCD (6). Non-drug treatments proposed by the National Institute of Health in 2014 include massage therapy, relaxation techniques, and hypnosis (16).

1.2. Massage Therapy

Massage therapy is an ancient, traditional treatment dating back 5,000 years (17). It is one of the most effective and commonly used complementary treatments throughout the world (18) and is considered safe and without side effects (19). Massage therapy is a systematic manipulation of the body’s soft tissues with stroke-like rhythmic pressure, which is performed in order to develop, maintain, reconstruct, and improve physical performance, or to relieve pain (20). This method can be done manually or by using a manual mechanical device and includes different techniques such as Swedish massage, shiatsu (Japanese massage), reflexology, and Thai massage performed by professionals (4, 19, 21).

Massage therapy improves blood circulation and lymph flow, causing positive feelings and physical and mental relaxation by increasing the oxygen supply to the tissues and improving the nutritional status of cells (22, 23). This method is the oldest method used for pain relief (24). According to the gate control theory of pain, the irritation from the massage reaches the brain at a faster rate than the irritation caused by pain, and the pain gate is closed (25). A review of studies has shown that massage can play a role in reducing lumbar chronic pain (19), cancer pain (26), pain after surgery (27), musculoskeletal (20), osteoarthritis (28), and fibromyalgia pain (29), pain due to high blood pressure (17), and shoulder pain (24).

1.3. Massage Therapy for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease

Massage therapy is the third most common non-drug treatment among SCD patients (30). However, studies on the effectiveness of massage therapy to reduce pain in these patients are very limited and sparse; clinical trials in this area, especially, are so limited that there is no correct information for evidence-based practice. Hence, it seems to be essential to review the studies in the field. In fact, this study aimed to answer the question: ‘Is the use of massage therapy effective in reducing pain in patients with sickle cell disease?’

2. Evidence Acquisition

This study is a literature review of the use of massage aiming at determining the effectiveness of massage therapy as a complementary medicine for reducing pain in patients with sickle cell.

2.1. Data Source and Study Selection

The national (Iranmedex, SID, Magiran) and international (Medline, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Ovid, Web of Knowledge, and Barakat) databases were searched in Persian and English languages between January 1990 and January 2016. The search included the following keywords: “Massage”, “Therapy”, “Zone”, “Rolfing”, “Reflexology”, “Body work”, ‘Touch”, “Complementary”, “Acupressure”, “Pain “, “Management”,” Painful “, “crisis”, “Patient “, “Sickle Cell “, “Disease”, “Disorder “, “Anaemia”, “People”, “Client”, “Ill person”. The keywords were used separately and in combination forms in the searching process.

2.1.1. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria were: 1) Studies that reported results concerning massage therapy and its effect on the control and management of pain in SCD, 2) Studies published from 1990 to 2016, and 3) Studies published in English and Persian languages. In addition, the search results were restricted to contain these keywords in titles of the articles. Exclusion criteria were: 1) non-research articles (all types of letters, comments, and editorial), and 2) abstracts published in congresses and professional articles, books and studies in the field of massage therapy and its effect on pain control and management conducted in non-sickle cell patients.

3. Results

The initial search strategies yielded 42 references for all the mentioned keywords and databases. Twenty articles remained after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, including both abstracts and full texts. After removing duplicated articles, 14 articles were deemed eligible entering the review process (Figure 1). However, just five studies had examined the effect of massage on reducing pain in patients with sickle cell experimentally (31-35); the other 9 studies had just evaluated the rate of use of massage as a complementary medicine by patients (4, 30, 36-42).

Flow Diagram for Literature Review
Flow Diagram for Literature Review
Figure 1.

Flow Diagram for Literature Review

The samples in this study included adults (six studies), children (one study), children and adults (one study), caregivers (three studies), and children and their caregivers (three studies). Twelve studies had been conducted in the United States, one in Nigeria, and one in Iran. Nine studies were cross-sectional, 4 were clinical trials, and one was a single group before-and-after study without a control group.

The studies were mainly descriptive aiming at determining how to manage pain in patients with sickle cell and the use of a variety of complementary medicine by patients. In experimental studies, the effect of massage on these patients was evaluated; in the study by Jamshidpour (2015), the slow-stroke massage technique was used (35), Thomas (2013) used the healing touch technique (34), Bodhise (2004) used neuromuscular deep tissue massage technique with deep pressure (33), and Lemanek (2009) used the massage protocol provided by the field in 2001 (32). In the study by Myers (1990), the name of the technique applied for the massage was not available (31). In the study of Lemanek et al. (2009), massage therapy was taught to the caregivers and conducted by them (32). In the study of Bodhise et al. (2004), there was no report about the massage therapists (33), and in the other three studies (31, 34, 35), massage was done by trained and professional individuals. In the cross-sectional studies, there was also no report about those who did the massage. Overall, 9 studies applied complementary medicine to patients with sickle cell disease (See Table 1).

Table 1.

Summary of Reviewed Articles on the Use of Massage on Pain Management for Sickle Cell Patients

Author (Year) CountryTitleDesignN/PopulationUse of Massage MeasuresOutline of StudyDatabases
YOON (2006) FloridaComprehensive, integrative management of pain for patients With sickle-cell diseaseA cross-sectional descriptive study63/caregivers of children with SCDA researcher- made questionnaire ( 16 complementary therapies listed in the questionnaire)One of the most common types of CAM was massage (79.4%),Medline
Sanchez 2015 MississippiComplementary and alternative medicine use in pediatric hematology/oncology patients at the University of Mississippi medical centerA cross-sectional descriptive study40/caregiversCAM Use QuestionnaireUse of massage therapy was 7.5% in patients with sickle cell disease.Medline
Ikefuna 2009 NigeriaClinical profile and home management of sickle cell-related pain: the Enugu (Nigeria) experienceA cross-sectional descriptive study108/children or caregivers.A researcher- made questionnaireUse of analgesics/hydration/ massage (52.8%).Medline
Oliver-Carpenter 2011 USADisease management, coping, and functional disability in pediatric sickle cell diseaseA cross-sectional descriptive study47/children and their caregivers.Coping Strategies Questionnaire-Revised (CSQ-R)Specifically, parents reported that youth used heat/cold massage (M = 3.74, SD = 1.63).Medline
Majumdar 2013 USAThe use and effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine for pain in sickle cell anemiaA cross-sectional descriptive study.22/adultsThe survey consisted of sixteen questions (demographics, frequency of pain, and the effectiveness of CAM therapy)One of the three most common types of CAM was massage (35%).Medline
Thompson 2014 USAPain control in sickle cell disease patients: use of complementary and alternative medicineA cross-sectional descriptive study227/adultsAn investigator made questionnaire to examine the use of CAM for managing painUse of massage therapy was 14%.ProQuest
Sanders 2010 USAPain, coping and health care utilization in younger and older adults with sickle cell diseaseA cross-sectional descriptive study70/adultsCoping strategies questionnaire for SCD (CSQ-SCD)Results indicated significant effects for heat/cold/massage between younger and older patients. Younger patients were more likely to cope by using heat, cold, or massage.Medline
Sibinga 2006 USAPediatric patients with sickle cell disease: use of complementary and alternative therapiesA cross-sectional descriptive study.57/parents of pediatric SCD patientsAn SCD severity scaleUse of massage therapy was 5%.Medline
Dampier 2002 USACharacteristics of pain managed at home in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease by using diary self-reportsA cross-sectional descriptive study39/childrenPain diariesUse of massage therapy was 19.5%.Medline

These studies reported the rate of use of massage in the range between 5% and 79%. The results of the experimental studies indicate the effectiveness of massage therapy in reducing pain in patients with SCD. However, only four studies (31-33, 35) showed that massage therapy significantly contributes to the reduction of pain in patients with SCD. Other beneficial effects such as increasing daily performance (32, 33), reducing the consumption of analgesic (33, 35), reducing depression, anxiety, and stress and improving mood (32-34) and reducing the duration of hospital stay (33) have also been reported by these studies (Table 2).

Table 2.

Summary of Reviewed Articles on the Effectiveness of Massage in Pain Control in Sickle Cell Patients

Author (Year) CountryTitleDesignN/PopulationPain MeasuresOutline of StudyDatabases
Myers 1999 FloridaAdjunctive approaches for sickle cell chronic painClinical trial study16/adultsMcGill pain questionnaire and visual analogue scaleTreatment by the interventions was associated with a short-term reduction in both sensory (P = 0.001) and affective (P = 0.002) dimensions of pain, and longer-term reduction in both sensory (P = 0.01) and affective (P = 0.02) dimensions of pain.Cochrane Library
Bodhise 2004 USANon-pharmacologic management of sickle cell painOne group pre-post test/no control4/children (1) and adults (3)Numeric Pain Index (NPI) scalesThe pain score (NPI) showed significant improvements after completion of massage therapy (P < 0.001).Medline, Web of Knowledge
Lemanek 2009 USAA randomized controlled trial of massage therapy in children with sickle cell diseaseClinical trial study34/children and their primary caregiversPaediatric pain scaleYouth in the intervention group showed higher levels of functional status, and lower levels of pain (P < 0.05).Medline, Cochrane Library
Thomas 2013 USAThe effect of healing touch on anxiety, stress, pain, pain medication usage, and physiological measures in hospitalized sickle cell disease adults experiencing a vaso-occlusive pain episodeClinical trial study17/adults0-10 Numerical Pain ScaleThe pre- to post-intervention reductions in present pain were greater in the Healing Touch group across all four days, but the only statistically significant within-group findings were in the Healing Touch group (P < 0.01) on Day 1.Medline, Cochrane Library, Ovid, ProQuest
Jamshidifar 2015 IranEffectiveness of light pressure stroking massage on pain severity and requirement for analgesia in patients with sickle-cell anemiaClinical trial study30/adultsVisual analogue scale of pain1. After the intervention, pain severity was significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group at all assessed times (P < 0.001). 2. On the fourth day, need for analgesics was significantly higher in the control group than in intervention group (P < 0.05).Magiran, Barakat

4. Discussion

This study aimed to evaluate the rate of use of massage therapy and its effectiveness in patients with SCD. The results of the review have shown that patients with sickle cell use massage as a complementary method of relieving pain. However, the rate of use of massage has been reported differently (by different studies).

Based on Yoon et al. (2006) results, using massage therapy after praying (79.4%) was one of the most common complementary medicines used by parents for pain relief of these children (36). In this regard, Majumdar et al. (2013) reported that massage therapy (35%) is the third most commonly used complementary medicine for these patients, after praying and relaxation techniques. Participants in this study reported mild to moderate effects of massage on pain relief (30).

Moreover, the study results of Ikefuna et al. (2009) showed that 52.8% of patients with sickle cell used painkillers, hydrotherapy, and massage as a way to deal with the pain (37). In the study of Dampier et al. (2002), patients reported the mean of their pain duration as three to six days and 20% of patients used massage as the method of pain relief (38).

Carpenter et al. (2011) study reported resting, praying, hoping, and massaging as four common methods used to combat the pain of their children (42). In addition, Sanders et al. (2010) showed that younger people use massage therapy more significantly (P = 0.02) to relieve their pain (39).

Unlike previous studies, 92% of patients participating in the Thompson and Eriator (2014) study reported that they had experienced pain lasting from six months to more than two years, and 91.6% reported the use of at least one type of complementary medicine; however, only 14% of patients had used massage therapy (4).

The results of other studies showed that parents knew that the use of complementary medicine was effective in reducing pain and improving the life quality of their children. These studies reported the rate of using massage as 5% and 7.5%, respectively. In addition, they mentioned massage as one of the three methods commonly used by parents; however, both studies reported the use of massage at a low level (40, 41).

There is no accurate and credible information in any of the studies in this literature review about whether massage therapy was done by the patient or family members or by a trained therapist. The low use of massage therapy in some of these studies is probably due to the unfamiliarity of patients with massage therapy as a complementary medicine and its application by patients or non-professionals, leading to a low effectiveness of massage. These studies also show that factors such as age, sex, marital status, education level, and income influence the use of complementary medicine; this should not be overlooked.

Another purpose of this literature review was to determine the effectiveness of massage in reducing the pain of patients with SCD. Although a small number of studies have found results in line with this objective, the results of the experimental studies indicate that the use of massage reduced the pain in SCD patients.

The results of Myers et al. (1990) study showed that both massage therapy and relaxation techniques lead to reduced sensory and emotional pains in SCD patients. However, there was no significant difference between massage therapy and relaxation (31).

In this regard, the study by Bodhise et al. (2004) revealed that the neuromuscular deep tissue massage could be effective in reducing pain. Besides, a significant improvement in mood was observed after a treatment period with massage therapy. The study also showed that the stay of patients in a hospital or emergency care significantly reduced in duration. In addition, it showed that the consumption of narcotic drugs up to 24 hours after massage therapy significantly reduced and the daily activities of patients improved from 24 to 48 hours after massage therapy. However, the method of massage therapy was not reported in this study (33).

These findings are consistent with the findings of the study by Lemanek et al. (2009), which reported the improved performance and reduced pain, depression, and anxiety in patients; however, the ratio of benefiting from health services and treatment did not change after the intervention (32).

Jamshidpour et al. (2015) in a clinical trial study in Iran determined the effectiveness of slow-stroke massage in the intensity of pain and the rate of using narcotic drugs by hospitalized adult patients with sickle cell (35), which was consistent with the study of Bodhise et al. (2004) (33).

Unlike the above studies, Thomas et al. (2013) conducted a study to determine the effect of therapeutic touch on pain, anxiety, stress, and use of narcotic drugs compared to music therapy in adult patients with sickle cell. The results showed that despite the reduced pain in the therapeutic touch group, this difference was not significant (34).

Perhaps the difference between the results of Thomas et al. and those of other studies is due to the small sample size and the type of intervention, which was a kind of massage along with energy healing requiring a skilled therapist. However, the authors of this study mentioned other limitations such as the time at which interventions were carried out; these interventions should be performed in a quiet environment and this was not practically possible as they were carried out in hospital. They also mentioned a failure to observe the proper timing between medicinal and therapeutic interventions and carrying out these techniques (therapeutic touch and music therapy) as factors that affected the results of their research. They suggested conducting this study on a larger sample in compliance with standard techniques and using a proper time for intervention (34).

Although the results of these studies show the effectiveness of massage therapy in reducing pain in SCD patients, it is not clear whether massage as a complementary method can be effective in relieving the pain of these patients, because there are limited studies in this field and the sample sizes seem too small. On the other hand, most of these studies were carried out in a short time; intervention over a short time cannot prove the effectiveness because the nature of SCD is that there are fluctuations in the intensity of pain. These fluctuations, which take the forms of increased and decreased pain, may occur after massage therapy and they may be considered as the effect of the intervention. Hence, it seems to be essential to perform studies over a longer period of time as well as measure pain at different times in order to evaluate the long-term effects of massage and determine the effectiveness of massage therapy.

Furthermore, there are gaps in these studies; for example, it is essential to mention the type of massage, the method of doing intervention, the amount of pressure, the massage areas, the quantity and frequency of massage, the duration of massage, the time of massage, and intervals between the onset of pain and the therapeutic intervention. However, while some studies have detailed the above factors, the cases submitted are not enough to make decisions about evidence-based practice.

4.1. Conclusions

The results of the reviewed studies show that massage therapy is one of the most common types of complementary medicine among SCD patients. However, in most of these studies, the rate of using massage therapy in these patients was reported at a moderate level; a number of studies reported that only a small percentage of patients used this method (Table 1). There have been limited studies on evaluating the effectiveness of massage therapy in reducing pain among patients with sickle cell; however, reviewing these studies has shown that massage therapy could be effective in reducing pain in these patients. More extensive studies are needed in this area.

4.2. Recommendations

The results of this literature review showed that there are limited and sparse studies, especially clinical trials, on evaluating the rate of using massage therapy and reviewing the effect of this method on improving pain in SCD. There is no correct information about the effectiveness or non-effectiveness of this therapeutic method in reducing pain and improving life quality for evidence-based performance. Hence, it is recommended that further studies be carried out on the rate and causes of use or non-use of any kind of complementary medicine, including massage therapy, and clinical trials should be carried out with a crossover design, adequate sample size, and proper timing in order to assess the effectiveness of massage therapy; this may provide more conclusive results.

Moreover, given the existence of a variety of therapeutic massages that can be done in numerous ways, it is advised to conduct studies comparing these methods to determine their effectiveness in patients with sickle cell. In addition, given that the goal of this technique is to help patients manage their pain at home, there should be studies that teach massage therapy to patients and their caregivers and determine its effectiveness when it is carried out by patients or their caregivers. Just one of the reviewed studies (Lemanek et al. 2009) (32) conducted this, which is not enough.

References

  • 1.

    Wright J, Ahmedzai SH. The management of painful crisis in sickle cell disease. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2010;4(2):97-106. [PubMed ID: 20440206]. https://doi.org/10.1097/SPC.0b013e328339429a.

  • 2.

    National heart LABI. Disease and conditions index. Sickle cell anemia, who is at risk? Bethesda, MD, department of health and human services. United States: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 2007. Available from: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Sca/SCA_WhoIsAtRisk.html.

  • 3.

    Azarkeivan A. Sickle cell disease, treatment protocol, (in Persian). Tehran: Mezrab; 2012.

  • 4.

    Thompson WE, Eriator I. Pain control in sickle cell disease patients: use of complementary and alternative medicine. Pain Med. 2014;15(2):241-6. [PubMed ID: 24524842]. https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12292.

  • 5.

    Smith WR, Penberthy LT, Bovbjerg VE, McClish DK, Roberts JD, Dahman B, et al. Daily assessment of pain in adults with sickle cell disease. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(2):94. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-148-2-200801150-00004.

  • 6.

    Taylor LE, Stotts NA, Humphreys J, Treadwell MJ, Miaskowski C. A review of the literature on the multiple dimensions of chronic pain in adults with sickle cell disease. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010;40(3):416-35. [PubMed ID: 20656451]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.12.027.

  • 7.

    Brousseau DC, Owens PL, Mosso AL, Panepinto JA, Steiner CA. Acute care utilization and rehospitalizations for sickle cell disease. JAMA. 2010;303(13):1288-94. [PubMed ID: 20371788]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.378.

  • 8.

    Menezes AS, Len CA, Hilario MO, Terreri MT, Braga JA. Quality of life in patients with sickle cell disease. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2013;31(1):24-9. [PubMed ID: 23703040].

  • 9.

    Anie KA, Egunjobi FE, Akinyanju OO. Psychosocial impact of sickle cell disorder: perspectives from a Nigerian setting. Global Health. 2010;6:2. [PubMed ID: 20170540]. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-6-2.

  • 10.

    Mahdi N, Al-Ola K, Khalek NA, Almawi WY. Depression, anxiety, and stress comorbidities in sickle cell anemia patients with vaso-occlusive crisis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2010;32(5):345-9. [PubMed ID: 20485202]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPH.0b013e3181d869d5.

  • 11.

    Ballas SK, Gupta K, Adams-Graves P. Sickle cell pain: a critical reappraisal. Blood. 2012;120(18):3647-56. [PubMed ID: 22923496]. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-04-383430.

  • 12.

    Brown SE, Weisberg DF, Balf-Soran G, Sledge WH. Sickle cell disease patients with and without extremely high hospital use: pain, opioids, and coping. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2015;49(3):539-47. [PubMed ID: 25057985]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2014.06.007.

  • 13.

    Williams H, Tanabe P. Sickle Cell Disease: A Review of Nonpharmacological Approaches for Pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2016;51(2):163-77. [PubMed ID: 26596876]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.10.017.

  • 14.

    Franklin GM, American Academy of N. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a position paper of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2014;83(14):1277-84. [PubMed ID: 25267983]. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000839.

  • 15.

    Lu K, Cheng MC, Ge X, Berger A, Xu D, Kato GJ, et al. A retrospective review of acupuncture use for the treatment of pain in sickle cell disease patients: descriptive analysis from a single institution. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(9):825-30. [PubMed ID: 24322996]. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000036.

  • 16.

    National Institute Of Health. Evidence based management of sickle cell disease, expert panel report. Bethesda, Maryland: National Institute of Health; 2014.

  • 17.

    Xiong XJ, Li SJ, Zhang YQ. Massage therapy for essential hypertension: a systematic review. J Hum Hypertens. 2015;29(3):143-51. [PubMed ID: 24990417]. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2014.52.

  • 18.

    Field T. Massage therapy research review. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2014;20(4):224-9. [PubMed ID: 25172313]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2014.07.002.

  • 19.

    Kumar S, Beaton K, Hughes T. The effectiveness of massage therapy for the treatment of nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review of systematic reviews. Int J Gen Med. 2013;6:733-41. [PubMed ID: 24043951]. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S50243.

  • 20.

    Bervoets DC, Luijsterburg PA, Alessie JJ, Buijs MJ, Verhagen AP. Massage therapy has short-term benefits for people with common musculoskeletal disorders compared to no treatment: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2015;61(3):106-16. [PubMed ID: 26093806]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2015.05.018.

  • 21.

    Brosseau L, Wells GA, Poitras S, Tugwell P, Casimiro L, Novikov M, et al. Ottawa Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on therapeutic massage for low back pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2012;16(4):424-55. [PubMed ID: 23036876]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2012.04.002.

  • 22.

    Azima S, Bakhshayesh HR, Kaviani M, Abbasnia K, Sayadi M. Comparison of the Effect of Massage Therapy and Isometric Exercises on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2015;28(6):486-91. [PubMed ID: 26272447]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.02.003.

  • 23.

    Cheng YH, Huang GC. Efficacy of massage therapy on pain and dysfunction in patients with neck pain, a systematic review and meta analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/204360.

  • 24.

    Kong LJ, Zhan HS, Cheng YW, Yuan WA, Chen B, Fang M. Massage therapy for neck and shoulder pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:613279. [PubMed ID: 23533504]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/613279.

  • 25.

    Field T. Pregnancy and labor massage. Expert Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2010;5(2):177-81. [PubMed ID: 20479957]. https://doi.org/10.1586/eog.10.12.

  • 26.

    Miladinia M, Baraz S, Zarea K, Mousavi Nouri E. Massage therapy in patients with cancer pain, a review on palliative care. Jundishapur J Chronic Dis Care. 2016;6(1). https://doi.org/10.17795/jjcdc-37356.

  • 27.

    Boyd C, Crawford C, Paat CF, Price A, Xenakis L, Zhang W. The impact of massage therapy on function in pain populations, a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials, part III, surgical pain populations. Pain Med. 2016;17(9):1757-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnw101.

  • 28.

    Ye L, Kalichman L, Spittle A, Dobson F, Bennell K. Effects of rehabilitative interventions on pain, function and physical impairments in people with hand osteoarthritis, a systematic review. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(1):28. [PubMed ID: 21332991]. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3254.

  • 29.

    Li YH, Wang FY, Feng CQ, Yang XF, Sun YH. Massage therapy for fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):89304. [PubMed ID: 24586677]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089304.

  • 30.

    Majumdar S, Thompson W, Ahmad N, Gordon C, Addison C. The use and effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine for pain in sickle cell anemia. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2013;19(4):184-7. [PubMed ID: 24199970]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2013.05.003.

  • 31.

    Myers CD, Robinson ME, Guthrie TH, Lamp SP, Lottenberg R. Adjunctive approaches for sickle cell chronic pain. Complement Health Pract Rev. 1999;5:203-12.

  • 32.

    Lemanek KL, Ranalli M, Lukens C. A randomized controlled trial of massage therapy in children with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Psychol. 2009;34(10):1091-6. [PubMed ID: 19282374]. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsp015.

  • 33.

    Bodhise PB, Dejoie M, Brandon Z, Simpkins S, Ballas SK. Non pharmacologic management of sickle cell pain. Hematology. 2004;9(3):235-7. [PubMed ID: 15204105]. https://doi.org/10.1080/10245330410001701495.

  • 34.

    Thomas LS, Stephenson N, Swanson M, Jesse DE, Brown S. A pilot study: the effect of healing touch on anxiety, stress, pain, pain medication usage, and physiological measures in hospitalized sickle cell disease adults experiencing a vaso-occlusive pain episode. J Holist Nurs. 2013;31(4):234-47. [PubMed ID: 23817144]. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010113491631.

  • 35.

    Jamshidifar F, Shariati A, Fayazi S, Keikhaei B, Haghighizadeh MH. Effectiveness of light pressure stroking massage on pain severity and requirement for analgesic in patients with sickle cell anemia, (in Persian). J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2015;14(9):729-40.

  • 36.

    Yoon SL, Black S. Comprehensive, integrative management of pain for patients with sickle-cell disease. J Altern Complement Med. 2006;12(10):995-1001. [PubMed ID: 17212571]. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2006.12.995.

  • 37.

    Ikefuna AN, Emodi IJ, Ocheni S. Clinical profile and home management of sickle cell-related pain: the Enugu (Nigeria) experience. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2009;26(5):309-12. [PubMed ID: 19579076]. https://doi.org/10.1080/08880010902754818.

  • 38.

    Dampier C, Ely B, Brodecki D, O'Neal P. Characteristics of pain managed at home in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease by using diary self-reports. J Pain. 2002;3(6):461-70. [PubMed ID: 14622732].

  • 39.

    Sanders KA, Labott SM, Molokie R, Shelby SR, Desimone J. Pain, coping and health care utilization in younger and older adults with sickle cell disease. J Health Psychol. 2010;15(1):131-7. [PubMed ID: 20064892]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105309345554.

  • 40.

    Sibinga EM, Shindell DL, Casella JF, Duggan AK, Wilson MH. Pediatric patients with sickle cell disease: use of complementary and alternative therapies. J Altern Complement Med. 2006;12(3):291-8. [PubMed ID: 16646728]. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2006.12.291.

  • 41.

    Sanchez HC, Karlson CW, Hsu JH, Ostrenga A, Gordon C. Complementary and alternative medicine use in pediatric hematology, oncology patients at the University of Mississippi medical center. J Altern Complement Med. 2015;21(11):660-6. [PubMed ID: 26302151]. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2014.0371.

  • 42.

    Oliver-Carpenter G, Barach I, Crosby LE, Valenzuela J, Mitchell MJ. Disease management, coping, and functional disability in pediatric sickle cell disease. J Natl Med Assoc. 2011;103(2):131-7. [PubMed ID: 21443065].