Abstract
Background:
There is few evidence about the effect of almond oil on uremic pruritus.Objectives:
The study aimed at examining the effect of topical application of sweet almond oil on itchy quality of life (QoL) in patients with uremic pruritus.Methods:
The current randomized, controlled, clinical trial was conducted on 42 patients referring to hemodialysis unit of Shahid Beheshti Hospital affiliated to Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran. The samples were selected based on the inclusion criteria and randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, 7 - 10 mL of sweet almond oil was locally applied on the areas of pruritus once a day for two weeks. Pruritus-specific QoL instrument was used to data collection at three times as pre-intervention, and end of the first and second weeks of intervention. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS using descriptive and inferential statistics with 95% confidence interval (CI).Results:
Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant difference in the mean score of itchyQoL between two groups before and after the intervention (P = 0.001). Intragroup comparison showed significant changes (P = 0.001) from baseline measure (50.3 ± 16.7) by the mean score of itchyQoL at the end of the first (41.7 ± 18.7) and second weeks (31.7 ± 8.9) of applying sweet almond oil in the intervention group.Conclusions:
In the current study, topical application of sweet almond oil significantly improved itchyQoL in patients with uremic pruritus.Keywords
1. Background
Uremic pruritus is a common dermatological compliant in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Based on the released statistics, the prevalence of uremic pruritus is 50% - 90% among patients with HD (1, 2). Calcium phosphate sedimentation in the skin of healthy people (3), as well as patients with xerosis or high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels is considered as the risk factors for uremic pruritus (4). Also, decreased essential fatty acids such as arachidonic, linoleic, and linolenic acids can lead to uremic pruritus (5, 6).
Several studies demonstrated that uremic pruritus can affect quality of life (QoL) in people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (7-9). Diminished QoL in such patients occurs because of insomnia, fatigue, vertigo, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, short respiration, chest pain, muscular pain, and muscular weakness of hands and legs. Such complications have adverse effects on different aspects of life including daily life activities (10), occupational activities, economic status (11), and familial and sociological status (12), HD therapy is the most common treatment method for patients with ESRD (10), In spite the therapeutic effects of HD, evidence also showed diminished QoL in patients with HD (9), Nowadays, kidney transplantation is the best way to improve QoL in such patients (13); however, access to kidney donors is difficult. Therefore, clinicians aimed at improving the QoL in such patients in recent years (14); a matter, which may be associated with the relief of uremic pruritus. Many medications such as topical capsaicin (15), tacrolimus (16), and pimecrolimus (17) are administrated to reduce uremic pruritus, but none of them were considered as the final choice.
Patients with HD are at high risk for drug toxicity due to kidney failure in excreting drug metabolites. Non-chemical medications such as herbal medicines with low-toxicity may be advised for such cases. In this while, almond oil (Oleum amygdalae) contains essential fatty acids such as linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids (18), and seemingly has no side effects for such patients, especially in topical applications. In addition, sweet almond is an oral substance that is not allergen nor toxic for skin (18); its effects on itchyQoL may be useful. Results of other studies showed that topical application of sweet almond oil significantly reduced the uremic pruritus in patients undergoing hemodialysis, without any specific complications (19). To the authors’ best knowledge, no similar study was available in the international scientific databases; hence, the current study aimed at examining the effect of topical application of sweet almond oil on itchyQoL in patients with uremic pruritus.
2. Methods
The current research project was conducted based on the authorization of the deputy of research and technology at Yasuj University of Medical Sciences (Reference no. P/23/2/1345). The manuscript is part of a randomized, controlled trial registered in Iranian Registry Clinical Trials (IRCT2014121520313N1) (20).
2.1. Research Environment and Patients
Because of the limited study population including 60 patients undergoing HD referring to Hemodialysis Unit of Shahid Beheshti hospital affiliated to YUMS, Iran in 2013 , a tota of 44 eligible patients were selected using nonrandom sampling method. Next, the samples were allocated to intervention and control group based on block randomization (Figure 1). Therefore, of 24 blocks each of four samples, 11 blocks were randomly selected. One participant in the control group was excluded due to kidney transplantation and one another due to immigration. Finally, the data of 22 patients in intervention and 20 in control groups were collected.
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Willingness to participate in the research, the age above 18 years, undergoing HD therapy for at least for six months, observation of uremic pruritus symptoms, and at least two weeks history of uremic pruritus were considered as the inclusion criteria. The exclusion criteria were unwillingness to participate in the study, allergic reactions to sweet almond oil, kidney transplantation, and lack of long-term anti-histamine and anti-pruritus agents consumption.
2.3. Questionnaires
Demographic characteristics and pruritus-specific QoL instrument was used for data collection a week prior to intervention (baseline or T1), as well as end of the first (T2) and second weeks (T3) of intervention. The instrument consists of 26 items, which is scored based on a five-option Likert scale from 1 (never) to 5 (always). The scale has three constitutive subscales including symptoms (items 1 - 6), functioning (items 7 - 16) and emotions (items 17 - 26). The total scores range 26 to 130; the lower scores showed the higher QoL. Structural reliability and validity of the Persian version of the instrument were confirmed (21).
2.4. Interventions
In the intervention group, the sweet almond oil (Registration No. Sin-90-050) licensed by Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) and approved by Ministry of health and Medical education of Iran was used. The oil contained 17% - 20% linoleic acid and 77% oleic acid (22). Accordingly, 5 - 10 mL of the oil was topically applied on itching areas or whole body once daily for two weeks. The oil was used following the authorization of a nephrologist and a physician. The participants were instructed to apply the oil at home based on the guidelines. The application of sweet almond oil was regularly followed up based on available checklist. The patients in the control group only received routine care.
2.5. Statistical Analysis
Collected data were analyzed with SPSS version 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) using descriptive and inferential statistics. Independent samples t test was used to compare age, duration of ESRD, and duration of HD therapy between the groups. Chi-square and the Fisher exact tests were used to compare nominal data. Distribution of itchyQoL was evaluated by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z test. Since data had normal distribution, the results of parametric tests such as independent samples t test and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were reported. Since assumption of compound symmetry (the Mauchly test of sphericity) was met, the univariate results (sphericity assumed) were reported. P value < 0.05 was considered the level of difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) were considered for data analysis. Due to the shape and label of the bottles, the patients were blind to the administrated substance. But, the data collector and analyzer were blind to the allocations.
2.6. Ethical Considerations
The study was approved by the research ethics committee of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences (YUMS) (Reference no 93.12.25.06). Informed consent was obtained from the participants.
3. Results
In the current study 52.4% (N = 22) of the patients were in the intervention group and 47.6% (N = 20) in the control group. No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of demographic variables (P > 0.05) (Table 1).
| Variable | Intervention (N = 22) | Control (N = 20) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 57 (17.1) | 50.7 (16.4) | 0.2c |
| Duration of ESRDa, mo | 38.1 (28.6) | 34.3 (31.8) | 0.7c |
| Duration of HD therapya, mo | 38 (28.6) | 34 (32.01) | 0.7c |
| Number of HD therapiesa | 0.4d | ||
| Twice in a week | 7 (31.8) | 5 (25) | |
| Three times in a week | 15 (68.2) | 15 (75) | |
| Genderb | 0.4d | ||
| Male | 12 (54.5) | 10 (50) | |
| Female | 10 (45.5) | 10 (50) | |
| Marita statusb | 0.4d | ||
| Single / widowed / divorced | 6 (27.3) | 7 (35) | |
| Married | 16 (72.7) | 13 (65) | |
| Place of residenceb | 0.4d | ||
| City | 13 (59) | 13 (65) | |
| Village | 9 (41) | 7 (35) | |
| Education levelb | 0.1e | ||
| Illiterate | 14 (63.6) | 10 (50) | |
| Primary or guidance school | 3 (13.6) | 8 (40) | |
| High school or above | 5 (22.8) | 2 (10) | |
| Employmentb | 0.5e | ||
| Unemployed | 21 (95.5) | 20 (100) | |
| Employed | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0) |
The findings of the study showed a decrease (improvement) in the mean score of itchyQoL compared with baseline in the intervention group. While, the findings indicated an increase (exacerbation) in the mean score of itchyQoL in the control group. In other words, topical application of sweet almond oil improved itchyQoL in the patients of the intervention group. Repeated measures ANOVA showed statistically significant differences in the mean score of itchyQoL and its subscales in terms of time/group (P < 0.05). Then, post hoc was performed. The result showed no statistically significant difference between the groups in pre-intervention (P > 0.05) variables. But, the differences in the first and second weeks of intervention between the groups were significant (P < 0.05) (Table 2).
| Itchy QOL/Time | Intervention | Control | P Valuea | P Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | 95%CI | Mean (SD) | 95%CI | Time / Group | Post Hoc | |||
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||
| Overall | 0.001 | |||||||
| T1 | 50.3 (16.7) | 42.8 | 57.7 | 52.6 (17.8) | 44.7 | 60.3 | 0.6 | |
| T2 | 41.7 (18.7) | 33.7 | 49.6 | 54.8 (18.2) | 46.5 | 63.2 | 0.01 | |
| T3 | 31.6 (8.9) | 25.8 | 37.4 | 56.6 (17.1) | 50.5 | 62.7 | 0.001 | |
| Symptoms | 0.001 | |||||||
| T1 | 15.4 (4.9) | 13.1 | 17.6 | 16.7 (5.4) | 14.3 | 19.1 | 0.4 | |
| T2 | 12.3 (6.1) | 9.5 | 14.9 | 18 (6.3) | 15.1 | 20.8 | 0.005 | |
| T3 | 8.2 (3.1 | 6.2 | 10.2 | 18.8 (5.7) | 16.7 | 20.8 | 0.001 | |
| Functioning | 0.009 | |||||||
| T1 | 13.6 (3.3) | 11.6 | 15.6 | 14.4 (5.6) | 12.3 | 16.4 | 0.5 | |
| T2 | 12.3 (3.4) | 10.5 | 14.1 | 14.7 (4.2) | 12.8 | 16.6 | 0.06 | |
| T3 | 10.6 (1.7) | 9.2 | 12 | 15 (4.8) | 13.5 | 16.4 | 0.001 | |
| Emotions | 0.001 | |||||||
| T1 | 21.2 (11.4) | 16.3 | 26.1 | 21.4 (11.3) | 16.2 | 26.5 | 0.9 | |
| T2 | 17.1 (9.9) | 12.6 | 21.6 | 22.1 (10.8) | 17.4 | 26.7 | 0.04 | |
| T3 | 12.8 (4.6) | 9.3 | 16.3 | 22.8 (10.7) | 19.1 | 26.4 | 0.001 | |
The mean score of changes from baseline was also measured. The results showed negative changes from baseline (improvement in itchyQoL) at both intervals particularly the second week of intervention in the intervention group. In other words, the improvement of itchyQoL was higher in the second week of intervention compared with that of the first week in the intervention group. In this while, positive changes from baseline (the deterioration of itchyQoL) were observed for patients in the control group. The independent samples t test showed statistically significant differences in the mean score of changes from baseline for the overall itchyQoL and its subscales between the groups (P = 0.001) (Table 3). Although changes in the subscale of function was statistically significant for the second week of the intervention in patients of the intervention group, however, the observed change was not clinically important.
| ItchyQoL/Time | Intervention | Control | P Valuea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Change (SE) | 95% CI | Mean Change (SE) | 95% CI | ||||
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||||
| Overall | |||||||
| A week later | -8.6 (2.1) | -12.8 | -4.2 | 2.3 (2.2) | -2.2 | 6.8 | 0.001 |
| Two weeks later | -18.6 (2.5) | -23.8 | -13.3 | 4.1 (2.7) | -1.4 | 9.5 | 0.001 |
| Symptoms | |||||||
| A week later | -3.1 (0.7) | -4.7 | -1.5 | 1.2 (0.8) | -0.4 | 2.9 | 0.001 |
| Two weeks later | -7.2 (0.8) | -8.9 | -5.4 | 2 (0.9) | 0.1 | 3.9 | 0.001 |
| Functioning | |||||||
| A week later | -1.3 (0.7) | -2.9 | 0.2 | 0.3 (0.8) | -1.3 | 2 | 0.1 |
| Two weeks later | -3 (0.8 | -4.7 | -1.2 | 0.6 (0.9) | -1.2 | 2.4 | 0.007 |
| Emotions | |||||||
| A week later | -4.1 (1.2) | -6.6 | -1.6 | 0.7 (1.2) | -1.8 | 3.2 | 0.009 |
| Two weeks later | -8.4 (1.6) | -11.8 | -5.1 | 1.4 (1.7) | -2.1 | 3.5 | 0.001 |
4. Discussion
Based on the results of the current study, topical application of sweet almond oil could improve itchyQoL in patients with uremic pruritus. The results of the current study showed improved itchyQoL following topical application of sweet almond oil without any side effects in the intervention groups.
As previously mentioned, dry skin (xerosis) is introduced as a cause of uremic pruritus; topical agents such as sweet almond oil containing essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid may help to its relief through increasing leukotrienes and prostaglandins, which moisturize the skin (23). In addition, essential fatty acids by reducing lymphokines and lymphocytes may lead to the reduction of pruritus and dermatological inflammations (24); For instance, arachidonic and linolenic acids play a protective role for skin and their deficiency in patients undergoing HD may lead to dermatological compliant such as pruritus (5).
A study by Carr et al., showed that pruritus influenced the overall itchyQoL (25). Weiss et al., also reported a correlation between the overall itchyQoL and pruritus in patients undergoing HD (26). So, reducing uremic pruritus can lead to the improvement of itchyQoL in such patients. The current study findings were consistent with those of Kang and Kim (27), but there is a methodological difference between the studies that should be taken into consider. The current study only applied sweet almond oil, but they used a mixture of oils containing geranium, chamomile, lavender, and sweet almond.
Although, findings of the current study showed some changes by three subscales of itchyQoL for patients in the intervention group. However, observed changes in functioning subscale were not clinically important. Functioning subscale of itchyQoL consisted of the items such as socioeconomic status in which all of males and about 95% of females were unemployed of which 91% were the managers for financial affairs. Therefore, the patients in the current study generally had low socioeconomic status. There are different findings regarding the socioeconomic and functioning status of patients undergoing HD. For example, findings similar to those of the current study were reported by Kao et al. (28), while in another study, patients undergoing HD had favorable social and economic status (29). Rambod et al., showed that health-functioning subscale of QoL and socioeconomic status were in correlation with social support. They introduced social support as an important factor for better financial status (30).
Although improving itchyQoL following the topical application of sweet almond without any side effects is the strength point of the current study, however, it has some limitations and weaknesses, which should be considered, especially to generalize the findings to the study population. First, the sample size of the study was small and the time of intervention was short. Therefore, studies with larger sample sizes and with 2 - 3 months follow-up are recommended in order to obtain more conclusive results about the effectiveness of sweet almond oil on improved itchyQoL. Second, lack of using a placebo was another weakness of the study. Therefore, studies with placebo control groups are suggested.
4.1. Conclusion
Topical application of sweet almond oil, without any side effects, could improve itchyQoL in patients with uremic pruritus. Applying sweet almond oil as a natural, non-invasive, simple, cheap, accessible, and acceptable method without any complications could contribute to the improvement of itchyQoL in patients with uremic pruritus. However, more studies on the effectiveness of almond oil to improve the QoL are required.
Acknowledgements
References
-
1.
Kim KH, Lee MS, Choi SM. Acupuncture for treating uremic pruritus in patients with end-stage renal disease: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010;40(1):117-25. [PubMed: 21796811].
-
2.
Narita I, Iguchi S, Omori K, Gejyo F. Uremic pruritus in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Nephrol. 2008;21(2):161-5. [PubMed: 18446709].
-
3.
Pisoni RL, Wikstrom B, Elder SJ, Akizawa T, Asano Y, Keen ML, et al. Pruritus in haemodialysis patients: International results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(12):3495-505. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfl461. [PubMed: 16968725].
-
4.
Berger TG, Steinhoff M. Pruritus and renal failure. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2011;30(2):99-100. doi: 10.1016/j.sder.2011.04.005. [PubMed: 21767770]. [PubMed Central: PMC3692272].
-
5.
Yoshimoto-Furuie K, Yoshimoto K, Tanaka T, Saima S, Kikuchi Y, Shay J, et al. Effects of oral supplementation with evening primrose oil for six weeks on plasma essential fatty acids and uremic skin symptoms in hemodialysis patients. Nephron. 1999;81(2):151-9. doi: 10.1159/000045271. [PubMed: 9933750].
-
6.
Ahmad S, Dasgupta A, Kenny MA. Fatty acid abnormalities in hemodialysis patients: effect of L-carnitine administration. Kidney Int Suppl. 1989;27:S243-6. [PubMed: 2636665].
-
7.
Unruh ML, Hess R. Assessment of health-related quality of life among patients with chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2007;14(4):345-52. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2007.07.011. [PubMed: 17904501].
-
8.
Entezari A, Nabaei L, Tousi P. 13 [Quality of life in outpatients dermatologic clients]. Pajoohandeh J. 2008;1:65-6. Persian.
-
9.
Fukuhara S, Lopes AA, Bragg-Gresham JL, Kurokawa K, Mapes DL, Akizawa T, et al. Health-related quality of life among dialysis patients on three continents: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Kidney Int. 2003;64(5):1903-10. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00289.x. [PubMed: 14531826].
-
10.
Kutner NG. Daily hemodialysis-selected topics: Quality of life and daily hemodialysis. Semin Dial. 2004. doi: 10.1111/j.0894-0959.2004.17203.x.
-
11.
Thomas N. Quality of life in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nurs. 2003;9(30):46-54.
-
12.
Al-Arabi S. Quality of life: subjective descriptions of challenges to patients with end stage renal disease. Nephrol Nurs J. 2006;33(3):285-92. [PubMed: 16859200].
-
13.
Virzi A, Signorelli MS, Veroux M, Giammarresi G, Maugeri S, Nicoletti A, et al. Depression and quality of life in living related renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2007;39(6):1791-3. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.05.011. [PubMed: 17692614].
-
14.
Apostolou T. Quality of life in the elderly patients on dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2007;39(2):679-83. doi: 10.1007/s11255-007-9225-7. [PubMed: 17522961].
-
15.
Weisshaar E, Dunker N, Gollnick H. Topical capsaicin therapy in humans with hemodialysis-related pruritus. Neurosci Lett. 2003;345(3):192-4. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00511-1. [PubMed: 12842288].
-
16.
Duque MI, Yosipovitch G, Fleischer AJ, Willard J, Freedman BI. Lack of efficacy of tacrolimus ointment 0.1% for treatment of hemodialysis-related pruritus: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(3 Pt 1):519-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.08.050. [PubMed: 15761435].
-
17.
Ghorbani AR, Feily A, Khalili A, Dormanesh B. Lack of efficacy of topical calcineurin inhibitor pimecrolimus 1% on pruritus of severely uremic patients: a randomized double-blind study in 60 patients. Dermatitis. 2011;22(3):167-8. [PubMed: 21569748].
-
18.
Ahmad Z. The uses and properties of almond oil. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010;16(1):10-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.06.015. [PubMed: 20129403].
-
19.
Afrasiabifar A, Mehri Z, Hosseini N. Efficacy of topical application of sweet almond oil on reducing uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients: A randomized clinical trial study. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016;19(2). doi: 10.5812/ircmj.34695.
-
20.
The effect of topical application of sweet almond oil on the uremic pruritus and itchy quality of life in hemodialysis patients. 2015. Available from: http://en.irct.ir/trial/18024.
-
21.
Tari N, Mahmoodi H, Hosseini SH, Balighi K, Daneshpazhooh M. [Structural reliability and validity of Persian translation of "quality of life in patients with pruritus (Itchy QoL)" questionnaire]. J Dermatol Cosmet. 2012;3(2):92-9. Persian.
-
22.
Iran BEPC . Sweet Almond Oil [package insert]. Iran: Barij Essence Pharmaceutical Company; 2013.
-
23.
Wright S. Essential fatty acids and the skin. Br J Dermatol. 1991;125(6):503-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb14786.x. [PubMed: 1760354].
-
24.
Chen YC, Chiu WT, Wu MS. Therapeutic effect of topical gamma-linolenic acid on refractory uremic pruritus. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48(1):69-76. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.03.082. [PubMed: 16797388].
-
25.
Carr CW, Veledar E, Chen SC. Factors mediating the impact of chronic pruritus on quality of life. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150(6):613-20. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.7696. [PubMed: 24671747].
-
26.
Weiss M, Mettang T, Tschulena U, Passlick-Deetjen J, Weisshaar E. Prevalence of chronic itch and associated factors in haemodialysis patients: a representative cross-sectional study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2015;95(7):816-21. doi: 10.2340/00015555-2087. [PubMed: 25740325].
-
27.
Kang SJ, Kim NY. The effects of aroma hand massage on pruritus, fatigue and stress of hemodialysis patients. Korean J Adult Nurs. 2008;20(6):883-94.
-
28.
Kao TW, Lai MS, Tsai TJ, Jan CF, Chie WC, Chen WY. Economic, social, and psychological factors associated with health-related quality of life of chronic hemodialysis patients in northern Taiwan: a multicenter study. Artif Organs. 2009;33(1):61-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2008.00675.x. [PubMed: 19178442].
-
29.
Thong MS, Kaptein AA, Krediet RT, Boeschoten EW, Dekker FW. Social support predicts survival in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(3):845-50. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfl700. [PubMed: 17164318].
-
30.
Rambod M, Rafii F. Perceived social support and quality of life in Iranian hemodialysis patients. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2010;42(3):242-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2010.01353.x. [PubMed: 20738734].