Jentashapir J Cell Mol Biol
Jentashapir J Cell Mol Biol

article information

Jentashapir Journal of Cellular and Molecular Biology: Vol.12, issue 3; e116396
published online: September 21, 2021
article type: Research Article
received: May 21, 2021
revised: August 20, 2021
accepted: August 20, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/jjcmb.116396
Crossmark

Silencing of Long Non-coding RNA HOTAIR Suppresses Reverses Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in AGS Gastric Cancer Cell Line by Downregulation of Fibronectin 1 and Claudin-4

authors:

avatar Pegah Babapour 1 , avatar Maryam Tahmasebi-Birgani ORCID 2 , * , avatar Mehrdad Hashemi ORCID 1 , 3 , avatar Mohammad-Reza Hajjari ORCID 4

Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital, Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

how to cite: Babapour P, Tahmasebi-Birgani M, Hashemi M, Hajjari M . Silencing of Long Non-coding RNA HOTAIR Suppresses Reverses Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in AGS Gastric Cancer Cell Line by Downregulation of Fibronectin 1 and Claudin-4. Jentashapir J Cell Mol Biol. 2021;12(3):e116396. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjcmb.116396.

Abstract

Background:

Gastric cancer is the second reason for cancer mortality worldwide, with a high capacity for metastasis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are recently described as lengthy transcripts with no open reading frame. The lncRNAs play an important role in critical cellular and molecular pathways, including cell cycle, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Therefore, it is not surprising that abnormal expression of lncRNAs may be involved in human cancers. The HOX antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) is a highly cited lncRNAs whose altered expression has been reported in a variety of human cancers such as gastric cancer. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular route in which an epithelial phenotype of the cells can be changed into the mesenchymal state. The signaling pathways involved in EMT are related to cancer metastasis and recurrence of gastric cancer.

Methods:

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of HOTAIR gene silencing on expression levels of fibronectin 1 (FN1) and claudin-4 (CLDN4) genes, two important markers of EMT, in AGS cellular model of gastric cancer. The AGS cells were exposed to the HOTAIR-specific siRNA for 48 hours. The extracted RNAs were subjected to complementary DNA synthesis and real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using 2−ΔΔCt method. Cells with no siRNA treatment were considered the control set. The P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

The observed data showed that the expression levels of two EMT markers FN1 and CLDN4, were significantly decreased after HOTAIR silencing.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates that HOTAIR can regulate the EMT signaling pathway through critical EMT factors like FN1 and CLDN4 transcripts. However, a long way remains to apply this finding in therapeutic approach, and further experiments are needed.

1.Background

Gastric cancer is one the highly prevalent cancers in the world, with a high rate of mortality (1). This cancer was observed in developing countries, especially in East Asia, mostly. The tumor was originated from the mucus-producing cells in stomach. Since the early stages of the disease are asymptomatic, the diagnosis is usually made at the advanced stage of the tumor. This limits the success and efficacy of surgery or chemotherapy (2, 3). In recent decades, molecular targeted therapy for cancer has drawn attention to enhance selective anticancer therapy. Molecular targeted inhibitors efficaciously mark specific overexpressed molecules in pathways related to tumorigenesis (4). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are lengthy transcripts and do not code functional proteins. LncRNA genes are transcribed in a variety of human tissues and have been connected with vital biological pathways such as cell growth and death (5). It has been well established that dysregulated expression of lncRNAs may be connected with human diseases (6-8). These lengthy and non-coding transcripts drive tumorigenesis as well (5, 6).

HOX antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) is one of the well-cited lncRNAs whose expression has been changed in some of the human cancers like breast, liver, ovarian, and pancreas (9). Previously published studies reported that HOTAIR is highly upregulated in gastric cancer and promotes metastasis. The HOTAIR expression promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and its inhibition can reverse the EMT signaling (10). In gastric cancer cells, HOTAIR silencing negatively affects cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and in vivo (11). Although the essence and relevance of HOTAIR with cancers have been discovered in many studies, the underlying molecular mechanisms are mostly unidentified. Accordingly, the present study evaluated the consequence of HOTAIR silencing on the expression of fibronectin 1 (FN1) and claudin-4 (CLDN4) in AGS cellular model of gastric cancer. Both proteins mediate cells to the extracellular matrix adhesion and cell migration, growth and differentiation as well. Increased expression levels of FN1 and CLND4 are linked with poor prognosis in gastric cancer. It is necessary to mention that this is the first time that the effect of HOTAIR silencing was studied on expression levels of two critical factors of EMT.

2. Methods

The current study was part of an M.Sc. thesis written by P.B., which was approved by Ethical Committee of Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Sciences, Research Affairs, Tehran, Iran University (Codding number: 13621930802269 and code of ethics: IR.IAU.PS .REC.1396.72).

2.1. Cell Lines and Culture Condition

An AGS cell line was considered a cellular model of gastric cancer purchasing from the National Cell Bank of the Pasteur Institute, Tehran, Iran. The AGS cells were fed with RPMI-1640 medium (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 mg/mL streptomycin (Life Technologies). All cells were incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2. The AGS cells were sub-cultured every 2 - 3 days.

2.2. HOTAIR siRNA Transfection

Human HOTAIR (ID, 100,124,700) was silenced by means of specific siRNAs (GenePharma, China) as follows: HOTAIR, 5′-UAACAAGACCAGAGAGCUGUU-3′; negative control (NC), 5′-TTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGT-3′. The AGS cells were seeded in 12-well plates (12 × 104 cell/well) and transfected with 50 ng siRNA duplexes using Lipofectamine 2,000 (Invitrogen, USA) based on user guide. Cells were transfected with Lipofectamine without siRNA were considered mock. Cells were harvested for RNA extraction following 48 h of transfection.

2.3. RNA Extraction and Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)

Total RNA was extracted using RNX-Plus solution (SinaClon, Iran) followed by DNase I digestion (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The pull-out RNAs were reverse transcribed into the complementary DNA (cDNA) through Prime ScriptTM RT reagent kit (Takara, Japan). The information about primers for specific genes and internal control gene glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is summarized in Table 1. Real-time PCR was done using the SYBR green Premix Ex TaqTM II (Takara, Japan). The relative gene expression was calculated with 2−ΔΔCt method.

Table 1.

The FN1, CLDN4, HOTAIR, and GAPDH Primer Sequences

PrimerForward Sequence 5'–3'Reverse Sequence 5'–3'Amplicon Size (bp)
FN1TCAACTCACAGCTTCTCCAA CACGACCATTCCCAACACAC153
CLDN4TGTACCAACTGCCTGGAGGATG GACACCGGCACTATCACCATAAG147
HOTAIRAGGCCCTGCCTTCTGCCTTGCTCTCTTACCCCCACGGA174
GAPDHGTGAACCATGAGAAGTATATGACAACCATGAGTCCTTCCACGATACC215

2.4. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were done using GraphPad Prism version 5 software (GraphPad Software, USA) and one-way analysis of variance followed by Newman–Keuls multiple comparison test or student t-test. The P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results were expressed as Mean ± SD.

3. Results

To scan the success of siRNA on silencing of HOTAIR, the expression level of the genes was assessed by real-time PCR. As indicated in Figure 1, in normal culture environments, HOTAIR was robustly expressed in AGS cells. Following 48 h of treatment with 50 ng of HOTAIR - siRNA, the expression level of this lncRNA was significantly diminished in AGS cells. The fold-change was 0.325 ± 0.02379 (P-value < 0.001) (Figure 1). Similarly, the expression levels of FN1 and CLDN4 were also measured by qRT - PCR to address the question of whether the HOTAIR silencing could affect the expression levels of these EMT-associate genes. As illustrated in Figures 2 and 3, before silencing of HOTAIR, both FN1 and CLDN4 were noticeably expressed in AGS cells. However, following HOTAIR specific siRNA post-treatment, the expression levels of FN1 (Figure 2) and CLDN4 (Figure 3) were significantly decreased in comparison to non-treated cells (P < 0.001). The CLDN4 fold-change was 0.5568 ± 0.0971, and the corresponding value for FN1 was 0.252 ± 0.0599. In fact, the amount of CLDN gene was reduced by half, and also FN1 gene was reduced by almost five times following the transfection.

Effects of HOTAIR specific siRNA on suppressing HOTAIR transcript after treatment with 50 ng siRNA after 48 hours of treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SD. The*** shows the P-value of less than 0.001.
Effects of HOTAIR specific siRNA on suppressing HOTAIR transcript after treatment with 50 ng siRNA after 48 hours of treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SD. The*** shows the P-value of less than 0.001.
Figure 1.

Effects of HOTAIR specific siRNA on suppressing HOTAIR transcript after treatment with 50 ng siRNA after 48 hours of treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SD. The*** shows the P-value of less than 0.001.

Effects of HOTAIR specific siRNA on suppressing FN1 transcript after treatment with 50 ng HOTAIR-siRNA after 48 hours of treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SD. The*** shows the P-value of less than 0.001.
Effects of HOTAIR specific siRNA on suppressing FN1 transcript after treatment with 50 ng HOTAIR-siRNA after 48 hours of treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SD. The*** shows the P-value of less than 0.001.
Figure 2.

Effects of HOTAIR specific siRNA on suppressing FN1 transcript after treatment with 50 ng HOTAIR-siRNA after 48 hours of treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SD. The*** shows the P-value of less than 0.001.

Effects of HOTAIR specific siRNA on suppressing CLDN4 transcript after treatment with 50 ng HOTAIR-siRNA after 48 hours of treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SD. The*** shows the P-value of less than 0.001.
Effects of HOTAIR specific siRNA on suppressing CLDN4 transcript after treatment with 50 ng HOTAIR-siRNA after 48 hours of treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SD. The*** shows the P-value of less than 0.001.
Figure 3.

Effects of HOTAIR specific siRNA on suppressing CLDN4 transcript after treatment with 50 ng HOTAIR-siRNA after 48 hours of treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SD. The*** shows the P-value of less than 0.001.

5. Discussion

This is the first study that showed silencing of HOTAIR transcript can affect the expression levels of two important factors of EMT (including fibronectin 1 and claudin-4). The findings showed that both genes were downregulated following the silencing of HOTAIR transcript. As indicated previously, during the EMT, the polarity of epithelial loses, and cells are capable of migrating and metastasis. Cytoskeletal remodeling and resistance to apoptosis are two fundamental consequences of EMT (12). As previously confirmed, HOTAIR can stimulate the EMT and cancer stem cell phenotype in several human cancers (13). HOTAIR silencing significantly reduced the expression levels of EMT players such as fibronectin and claudin in some human cancers, but no data were available about gastric cancer.

Claudin proteins are resided in tight junctions of all epithelia and endothelial cells and regulate the permeability of these cells (14). Claudin-4 (CLDN4) is a 209-amino-acid member of this family, encoding four putative transmembrane fragments (14). The increased expression of cldn4 was firstly observed in pancreatic cancer (15). Consequently, altered expression of this protein was demonstrated in many cancers such as bladder, renal, prostate, endometrial esophageal, and ovarian cancer, in which the expression of CLDN4 has increased (14). Although several claudin isoforms have been structured and studied in mammals, the function of CLDN4 is not well studied; so this variant was considered in this study. Increased expression of CLDN4 was observed in gastric cancer, which was associated with tumor invasion and metastasis (16). This is partly due to the modulatory effect of Claudin-4 on metalloproteinase (MMP) activation and increased expression levels of matrix MMP-2 and MMP-9 (17). Silencing of CLDN4 induced apoptosis in some cancer cells like breast (18). Similarly, siRNA-mediated silencing of this protein efficiently promoted colorectal cancer cell motility (19).

Similarly, fibronectin 1 (FN1) plays an important role in cell adhesion and its interaction with extracellular matrix (20). High expression of fibronectin is a poor prognostic factor in gastric cancer (21). Along with neuropilin, fibronectin 1 regulates EMT in gastric cancer (22). Forced expression of fibronectin 1, inhibits apoptosis and migration in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (23). Fibronectin 1 knockdown increases the mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in rat mesenchymal cells (24) In conclusion, this research for the first time showed that silencing of HOTAIR can affect the expression levels of two critical elements of EMT, including CLND4 and FN1. However, a long way remains to apply this finding in therapeutic approach and further experiments are needed, including the evaluation of the effect of this silencing on mice models of gastric cancer.

References

  • 1.

    Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394-424. [PubMed ID: 30207593]. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492.

  • 2.

    Shin HR, Carlos MC, Varghese C. Cancer control in the Asia Pacific region: Current status and concerns. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2012;42(10):867-81. [PubMed ID: 22661171]. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hys077.

  • 3.

    Ilson DH. Advances in the treatment of gastric cancer. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2018;34(6):465-8. [PubMed ID: 30303856]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOG.0000000000000475.

  • 4.

    Sasaki K, Onodera S, Otsuka K, Satomura H, Kurayama E, Kubo T, et al. Validity of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin, and S-1 for resectable locally advanced gastric cancer. Med Oncol. 2017;34(8):139. [PubMed ID: 28707042]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-017-0997-z.

  • 5.

    Ansari H, Shahrisa A, Birgani YT, Birgani MT, Hajjari M, Asl JM. Long noncoding RNAs in colorectal adenocarcinoma; an in silico analysis. Pathol Oncol Res. 2019;25(4):1387-94. [PubMed ID: 29948619]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-018-0428-2.

  • 6.

    Safaei S, Tahmasebi-Birgani M, Bijanzadeh M, Seyedian SM. Increased expression level of long noncoding RNA H19 in plasma of patients with myocardial infarction. Int J Mol Cell Med. 2020;9(2):122-9. [PubMed ID: 32934949]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC7489114]. https://doi.org/10.22088/IJMCM.BUMS.9.2.122.

  • 7.

    Dousti F, Shahrisa A, Ansari H, Hajjari M, Tahmasebi Birgani Y, Mohammadiasl J, et al. Long non-coding RNAs expression levels in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: An in silico analysis. Pathol Res Pract. 2018;214(9):1462-6. [PubMed ID: 30104077]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prp.2018.08.006.

  • 8.

    Birgani MT, Hajjari M, Shahrisa A, Khoshnevisan A, Shoja Z, Motahari P, et al. Long non-coding RNA SNHG6 as a potential biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res. 2018;24(2):329-37. [PubMed ID: 28508329]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-017-0241-3.

  • 9.

    Avazpour N, Hajjari M, Tahmasebi Birgani M. HOTAIR: A promising long non-coding RNA with potential role in breast invasive carcinoma. Front Genet. 2017;8:170. [PubMed ID: 29209357]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC5702487]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2017.00170.

  • 10.

    Wu ZH, Wang XL, Tang HM, Jiang T, Chen J, Lu S, et al. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR is a powerful predictor of metastasis and poor prognosis and is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colon cancer. Oncol Rep. 2014;32(1):395-402. [PubMed ID: 24840737]. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2014.3186.

  • 11.

    Xu ZY, Yu QM, Du YA, Yang LT, Dong RZ, Huang L, et al. Knockdown of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR suppresses tumor invasion and reverses epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer. Int J Biol Sci. 2013;9(6):587-97. [PubMed ID: 23847441]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3708039]. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.6339.

  • 12.

    Jung AR, Jung CH, Noh JK, Lee YC, Eun YG. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition gene signature is associated with prognosis and tumor microenvironment in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3652. [PubMed ID: 32107458]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC7046610]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60707-x.

  • 13.

    Cervan-Martin M, Castilla JA, Palomino-Morales RJ, Carmona FD. Genetic landscape of nonobstructive azoospermia and new perspectives for the clinic. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2). [PubMed ID: 31973052]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC7074441]. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020300.

  • 14.

    Chen X, Zhao J, Li A, Gao P, Sun J, Song Y, et al. Clinicopathological significance of claudin 4 expression in gastric carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther. 2016;9:3205-12. [PubMed ID: 27313466]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4892849]. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S99461.

  • 15.

    Gress TM, Muller-Pillasch F, Geng M, Zimmerhackl F, Zehetner G, Friess H, et al. A pancreatic cancer-specific expression profile. Oncogene. 1996;13(8):1819-30. [PubMed ID: 8895530].

  • 16.

    Kwon MJ, Kim SH, Jeong HM, Jung HS, Kim SS, Lee JE, et al. Claudin-4 overexpression is associated with epigenetic derepression in gastric carcinoma. Lab Invest. 2011;91(11):1652-67. [PubMed ID: 21844869]. https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2011.117.

  • 17.

    Hwang TL, Changchien TT, Wang CC, Wu CM. Claudin-4 expression in gastric cancer cells enhances the invasion and is associated with the increased level of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 expression. Oncol Lett. 2014;8(3):1367-71. [PubMed ID: 25120725]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4114660]. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2014.2295.

  • 18.

    Ma X, Miao H, Jing B, Pan Q, Zhang H, Chen Y, et al. Claudin-4 controls the proliferation, apoptosis, migration and in vivo growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 2015;34(2):681-90. [PubMed ID: 26058359]. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4037.

  • 19.

    Ueda J, Semba S, Chiba H, Sawada N, Seo Y, Kasuga M, et al. Heterogeneous expression of claudin-4 in human colorectal cancer: decreased claudin-4 expression at the invasive front correlates cancer invasion and metastasis. Pathobiology. 2007;74(1):32-41. [PubMed ID: 17496431]. https://doi.org/10.1159/000101049.

  • 20.

    Pankov R, Yamada KM. Fibronectin at a glance. J Cell Sci. 2002;115(Pt 20):3861-3. [PubMed ID: 12244123]. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.00059.

  • 21.

    Sun Y, Zhao C, Ye Y, Wang Z, He Y, Li Y, et al. High expression of fibronectin 1 indicates poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett. 2020;19(1):93-102. [PubMed ID: 31897119]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC6923922]. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.11088.

  • 22.

    Wu C, Zeng MH, Liao G, Qian K, Li H. Neuropilin-1 interacts with fibronectin-1 to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition progress in gastric cancer. Onco Targets Ther. 2020;13:10677-87. [PubMed ID: 33116644]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC7585825]. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S275327.

  • 23.

    Wang J, Deng L, Huang J, Cai R, Zhu X, Liu F, et al. High expression of fibronectin 1 suppresses apoptosis through the NF-kappaB pathway and is associated with migration in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Am J Transl Res. 2017;9(10):4502-11. [PubMed ID: 29118912]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC5666059].

  • 24.

    Wu D, Chen X, Guo D, Hong Q, Fu B, Ding R, et al. Knockdown of fibronectin induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in rat mesangial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(3):646-57. [PubMed ID: 15677310]. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2004060445.