Abstract
Background:
Application of ionizing radiation in many fields especially in medicine is growing, and can cause adverse health effects.Objectives:
The current study aimed to evaluate the radiation protection principles in radiology departments, based on national standards.Materials and Methods:
The current study was conducted in all radiology departments of the teaching hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran, and their radiation protection status was investigated using Audit technique. For this purpose Audit checklist was prepared and essential information gathered by observation, interview with radiology department managers, and documentary surveying. At the end, standard situations were classified in three levels: poor (˂ 50%), medium (50 - 75%),s and good (75 - 100%).Results:
The mean of radiation protection in the studied radiology departments was 70.53%. The highest and lowest levels of radiation protection were in quality control and suitable ventilation, respectively. Radiation protection was evaluated as medium in 71.4% and good in 28.6% of the studied radiology departments.Conclusions:
The state of observed radiation protection principles was relatively in the weak level in the studied radiology departments especially in facilities such as ventilation system, radiography entrance, and darkroom situation. More important reason was usage changing of sections as radiology billet from related organizations.Keywords
Radiation Protection Radiology Department Hospital Ionization Radiation
1. Background
Application of ionizing radiation is growing in many fields especially in medicine, and can cause adverse health effects. In the diagnostic imaging process, X-ray has a significant role in the healthcare and medicine in all countries (1). Several benefits of ionizing radiation usage for human well-being are quite well known to everybody. These numerous applications include new diagnostic tools to identify previously undetectable diseases, more accurate treatment and detection methods, and several improvements in health monitoring (2). On the other hand, X-ray is one of the workplace damaging factors that can cause serious defects and impacts and even incurable diseases for people who work by radiation or people referred to medical centers for diagnosis and treatment (3). Many of the interventional radiological procedures for patients also have the ability to cause internal and external patient radiation doses which are high enough to make uncertainties (4). High doses of ionizing radiation are known as main cancer inducing risk factors in the exposed patients (5). Well-known examples and evidence supporting this fact are the carcinogenic outcomes in atomic bomb survivors of Japan. The results of the studies revealed a significant increase of cancer at doses higher than 50 m Sv (6). Nowadays, several employees in different job categories are exposed to ionizing radiation for the purposes of diagnostic, treatment, nuclear medicine and interventional medicine. Radiology is a fast developing field of science in which new methods and procedures are introduced continuously (7). Radiologists are exposed to low amounts of radiation (1GY >) if they use individual protection tools and rules correctly, which does not have health- and life-threatening effects in short time, but may have long term effects (8). Several factors such as X-rays field non uniformed, damage of collimator, uncorresponding of lightening X-ray field, an unfavorable image presentation due to printing instruments, not to observe principals against radiation, not to use protectors for patients especially children and pregnant cause irreparable damages that are not observed by common people, and inexpert personnel (9). In order to protect the employees against occupational exposure to radiation, appropriate technical education and training suitable for effective protection of tools and equipment should be provided. These measures must be in accordance with national regulatory codes, and should be considered with ergonomic and comfort consideration for the employee to follow (4, 10, 11).
2. Objectives
Due to importance of protection against ionizing radiation, the current study aimed to describe protection status against ionizing radiation in radiology departments of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences teaching hospitals, Iran, in 2015.
3. Materials and Methods
The current practical and cross-sectional study was conducted by Audit method in radiology departments of all Ahvaz teaching hospitals (seven radiology departments). First the checklist was provided based on protection principles according to international organization radiation protection and Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (radiation protection criteria). These checklists consisted of two parts, facilities and procedures. Facility part consisted of nine questions about warning sings, entrance door, dimensions, ventilation, lighting, suitable darkroom, observation windows, environmental shielding, and adequate supply of personal protective equipment. Procedure part consisted of seven questions about quality control, personal protective equipment etc. checked, maintenance record, radiography room door is closed during working, personal dose monitoring, and health document and radiation safety officer. Checklist validity was confirmed by two medical physics and two medical safety experts. To complete the checklists, manager and safety officer of each center were interviewed. In the prepared checklist “zero” indicated no observance or less than 50%, “one” average observance or up to 50%, and “two” completely standard observance. Then, based on the levels of observance, the state of radiation protection in the radiology department was classified into three levels of poor (lower than 50%), medium (50 - 75%), and good (higher than 75%).
4. Results
Primarily, 10 hospitals were selected for the study but due to some limitations only seven of them cooperated with the researchers. Table 1 shows the contribution rate of variables of radiation protection observances in the seven studied radiology departments. According to the observations, ventilation and quality control had minimum and maximum rates, respectively. According to the results, the weak state of ventilation and personal protective equipment etc. checked were 71.4% and 42.9% as weak state, respectively. As observed, procedure was the highest problematic parameter in all of the studied radiology departments. Figure 1 shows the implementation rate of radiation protection in the studied radiology departments, and Figure 2 shows accomplishment rate of facilities, procedures and total score for the studied radiology departments, and mean rate of facilities, procedure and total score obtained from the studied radiology departments. According to the observations facilities had the lowest score.
Contribution Rate of Safety and Protection Compliance Variables in Radiology Department
| Procedure | Facilities | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radiation Safety Officer | All Door Closed | Personal dose Monitoring | Health Document | Maintenance Record | Quality Control | Personal ProtectiveEquipment etc. Checked | Personal ProtectiveEquipment | Observation Windows | Environmental Shielding | Entrance Door | Suitable Darkroom | Ventilation | Lightening | Dimensions | Warning Singe | |
| Good | 57.1 | 14.3 | 57.1 | 57.1 | 71.4 | 71.4 | 28.6 | 57.1 | 28.6 | 42.9 | 14.3 | 14.3 | - | 28.6 | 28.6 | 28.6 |
| Medium | 42.9 | 28.6 | 42.9 | 42.9 | 28.6 | 28.6 | 28.6 | 42.9 | 57.1 | 57.1 | 57.1 | 42.3 | 28.6 | 57.1 | 57.1 | 71.4 |
| Poor | - | 57.1 | - | - | - | - | 42.9 | - | 14.3 | - | 28.6 | 28.6 | 71.4 | 14.3 | 14.3 | - |
Implementation Rate of Radiation Safety and Protection in Radiology Departments
Mean Achievement of Safety Compliance in Radiology Department
5. Discussion
The current study described the situation of seven radiology departments of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences teaching hospitals regarding radiation protection principles observation. The present study evaluated radiology departments situations in general. The results showed that 80% of the monitored departments did not have good situation especially in case of their darkrooms. The obtained results are supported by similar studies (12-15). In the current study, inadequate ventilation system, inappropriate warning signs, and occurrence of light leakage were observed as important negative factors in the investigated darkrooms. These factors were also stated by Guebert and Chang (16, 17). According to the obtained results, 71% of the described radiology departments generally used warning signs including radiation danger posters, pregnant caution posters, and audiovisual warning signs based on national guidance for safety signs and radiation awareness of Atomic Energy Organization of Iran. Characteristics of warning signs, Patients and pregnant caution posters for radiation exposure, radiation safety notes, posters, and audio warning sign that should be switched on while the radiology instrument is working and producing ionization radiation (17), above mentioned factors are done by radiology staff or radiation safety authority, and it seems that they play an important role in giving warning to patients and their companions. The results showed that none of the studied radiology departments were in good conditions in case of proper ventilation. Ventilation is crucial for ionized air (O3) during X-ray production in radiology room because of its dangers for respiratory system, the longer the radiology procedure, the more concentration of ozone (18, 19). Most of the investigated places (42.8%) suffered from bad ventilation system design. Therefore, the produced ozone pollution will remain in the rooms and may pose the employees and the patients to a health risk. Also, the entrance doors of some of radiology departments were located in the crowded corridors and this can increase the number of people exposed to X-ray or ozone in the air. The current investigation found that only three out of the seven radiology departments were suitably designed. Thus, leading to a chance of exposure to X-ray, even to very small amounts, is still a serious concern (20, 21). Therefore, environmental shielding consists of architectural shielding built into the walls of the procedure room, and observation windows are especially important. The present study results showed good conditions in this regard, since 71.4% of radiology departments had proper environmental shielding. Similar to the current study, the results of Ortiz et al. showed that analysis of parameters related to quality control and corrections lead to decreasing the radiated dose to patients, which is one of the best ways to reduce exposure (22). In all of the centers, quality control is performed annually and the obtained results are recorded properly. Although patients should be exposed to radiation only shortly , the study observations showed that radiologists may face secondary dispersed radiation or lamp emissions, which is supported by Wang et al. and also Tatsumi and Tanooka (23, 24).
Therefore, distance and aprons are factors that have more potential effectiveness for making desirable radiation protection. The results showed that radiology departments of hospitals were in good conditions, since 85.7% of them were properly maintained regarding individual protection tools including aprons, thyroid shields and gonad shields. The obtained results also showed that lead gloves and lead glasses were not available in most radiology departments. Also, individual protection tool checkups including investigations on symptoms of worn out equipment were not performed in most radiology departments, which is a serious mishap because it has an effect on their efficiency. Individual dosimeters were only used by fulltime personal and it was not given to part time employees, while individual dosimeter rules indicated that whoever faces more than standard 10% (500 mR) should wear one (25, 26). According to the results of the current study, more strict supervision via several inspections is necessary for safe and authorized radiology exploitation licenses.
Acknowledgements
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