1. Background
Measles is an acute and highly contagious viral disease which could be prevented by general vaccination. Although an effective and suitable vaccine has been available for the last 30 years, there are annually thousands of deaths due to measles, especially in the developing countries (1-3). Mass catch-up measles vaccination campaigns are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the main strategies to control or eliminate measles. Eastern Mediterranean countries have performed measles overpowering activities during 1997 - 2010. Following the successful vaccination program for poliomyelitis in 2000, a program for measles elimination in Iran is in progress according to the recommendation of the world health organization (4).
In Iran, routine immunization of children with one dose (for nine-month infants) of the single measles vaccine started in 1970 (5). After increasing the immunization coverage in the community which resulted in lower measles virus circulation in the environment and decreasing antibody levels in older people in the community , the epidemiological image of this disease has been changed and thus the measles is being reported more in adults (6).
Stopping the measles transmission in the community needs more than 95% of immunity coverage (7). Several studies suggest that high immunity level in the community is not possible by the routine vaccination programs (8). Therefore, in such areas which perform routine vaccination in 9 and 15 months old children, the supplement dose should be applied by mass vaccination campaign besides a catch up approach for the susceptible age groups of 5 - 25 years old in Iran, without a history of vaccination.
The aim of the expanded program on immunization was to achieve a full coverage against more common preventable diseases including measles throughout the country. Several measles outbreaks in Iran showed that Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) had some pitfalls. Therefore, Iranian health governor decided to increase the herd immunity via a mass campaign against measles and rubella. Evaluation of immunization coverage (for controlled estimation of susceptible individuals) as well as a surveillance program (for burden control of the disease and virus transmission) are vital for prevention and control of the measles.
Measles eradication has been started from 1994 by catch up vaccination programs in Oman, Kuwait and other eastern Mediterranean countries including Iran (4). It is expected that after the mass campaign, the immunity level in the community reaches to 95%, as in Kuwait and Tunisia the immunity coverage of measles has been reported as high as 93%. In Saudi Arabia, after a mass campaign vaccination program in 2000, the immunity level has been reported 97% (9, 10). Iran has achieved high population-based immunity to measles through high first- and second-dose routine measles vaccine coverage over the past decade in addition to a nationwide catch-up campaign in 2003 that targeted over 33 million people aging 5 - 25 years which achieved higher than 95% immunity coverage (11, 12). A sero-epidemiological survey, conducted in 2007, showed that 97.4% of the population aging 5 - 40 years were immune to measles (13).
2. Objectives
The measles mass vaccination campaign in the Islamic Republic of Iran was conducted in the 5 - 25 age groups during December 2003. This study was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of the campaign in Ahvaz city, by examining the measles IgG seroprevalence after the mass measles vaccination campaign. It is expected that the obtained data help measles elimination in the country.
3. Patients and Methods
This cross-sectional survey was performed on 900 healthy subjects younger than 25 years in 2011 in Ahvaz city of Iran. The sample size was determined considering an expected prevalence of measles antibodies to be 90% in the target groups. Based on this prevalence in the study groups, with α = 0.05 and desired precision equal to 0.025, statistical analysis indicated that 900 sera were required. The Sera were collected from healthy subjects referred to health care and medical center in Ahvaz city.
At the time of specimen collection, information regarding date of birth, sex, health status and dates of vaccinations were recorded. Blood samples were obtained by venipuncture of the subjects, who agreed to take part in this study and signed the consent form. Subjects with a previous history of contagious disease and persons having any immunocompromising conditions were excluded. The study was approved by ethics committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Measles Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) licensed commercial kit (Vircell, Spain). ELISA results were expressed as optical density (OD), and then the OD values were categorized as positive or negative using fixed cut-offs. An optical density ratio ≥ 11.0 was interpreted as positive while value < 11.0 was interpreted as negative for IgG measles.
The specificity of the kit was 94% while its sensitivity was 97%. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS - 18). P value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. The percentages of positive and negative sera were calculated. Seropositivity prevalence among different groups was compared using the chi-square test.
4. Results
A total of 900 subjects including 363 (40.3%) males and 637 (59.7%) females were studied. All were in good health, ranging from 1 to 25 years old (mean of 12.7 ± 6.5). Anti-Measles antibody titer was positive in 821 (91.2%) and negative in 79 (8.8%). From 363 males, 326 cases (89.8%) and from 537 females, 495 cases (92.2%) were seropositive. Using chi-square test, no significant statistical difference was detected between the immunity level of males and females (P = 0.133). Similarly, there were no statistical differences among the studied age groups regarding sex. The prevalence of Anti-measles antibodies was higher in both genders (93.1% vs. 97.6%) in the 21 - 25-year-old group, while in the other age group, the prevalence of seropositivity was lower in both genders. Table 1 shows the prevalence of seropositivity and the mean antibody titer in males and females of different age groups.
Table 1.Prevalence of Seropositivity and Mean Antibody Level in Relation with the Gender and Age Group
| Gender | Age Group | Seropositive, No. (%) | OD, Mean (SD) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | ||||
| < 5 | 55 (87.3) | 23.9 (21.7) | 63 | |
| 6 - 10 | 90 (88.2) | 28.9 (25.3) | 102 | |
| 11 - 15 | 76 (90.5) | 25.4 (19.8) | 84 | |
| 16 - 20 | 78 (91.8) | 31.3 (21.7) | 85 | |
| 21 - 25 | 27 (93.1 | 23.7 (14.2) | 29 | |
| Total | 326 (89.8) | 27.4 (23.6) | 363 | |
| Female | ||||
| < 5 | 41 (87.2) | 29.8 (25.1) | 47 | |
| 6 - 10 | 103 (87.3) | 30.2 (29.1) | 118 | |
| 11 - 15 | 93 (91.2) | 31.1 ()26.9 | 102 | |
| 16 - 20 | 175 (94.6) | 31.7 (26.1) | 185 | |
| 21 - 25 | 83 (97.6) | 24.7 (15.1) | 85 | |
| Total | 495 (92.2) | 29.9 (25.5) | 537 |
Regardless of gender, the prevalence of seropositivity in ≤ 5, 6 - 10, 11 - 15, 16 - 20 and 21 - 25 age groups was: 87.3%, 87.7%, 90.9%, 93.7% and 96.5%, respectively. There was statistically significant differences in seropositivity proportions regarding the age groups (P = 0.021). The female mean antibody level was slightly higher than that of observed in males, but it was not statistically significant (29.98 ± 25.5 vs. 27.41 ± 23.5; P = 0.120) (Table 1). The age group mean antibody level was higher than that of observed in 16 - 20 ; 31.6 ± 26.7 vs. 28.9 ± 14.7 in 21 - 25, 28.5 ± 24.1 in 11 - 15, 29.6 in 6 - 10 and 26.5 ± 23.3 in ≤ 5 years. These differences were not statistically significant (0.082). Figure 1 shows the frequency distribution of various ages with relation to the immune status and mean level of measles antibody. There was a positive correlation between age group and seropositivity rate, meaning that with an increase in age, the rate of seropositive results elevated (r = 0.036, P = 0.274).
Figure 1.
Age-Specific Seropositive Prevalence and Mean Level of Measles Antibody
5. Discussion
In this study, we measured anti-measles IgG antibody of under 25 years cases to determine the proportion of sero-positivity. Of the studied population, 91.8% were sero-positive and were immunized against measles, while more than 8% were not. According to the eastern Mediterranean countries plan of action for measles elimination (WHO, January 2003), immunity of 95% in the population is necessary to interrupt transmission and eliminate measles (14). The results of this study reveal that the overall measles seroprevalence rate (91.8%) of this area should be further increased to achieve the abovementioned goal. This level of immunity in the population could be alarming and is potentially susceptible to incidence of measles epidemiology in the population.
Immunity level of less than 90% in the children below five, and also six to 10-year-old groups, represents the disaster. In addition, identified groups with less than 95% immunity might be at a high risk of leading to future outbreaks. These finding are helpful for public health authorities in order to be aware of the immunity level and regularly perform measles surveillance. As we don’t know about the measles vaccination in the target groups, low immunity in this population could be due to low vaccination level.
Recent successes of measles transmission interruption in the World Health Organization region of the Americas, most European countries and selected countries in other regions, provide evidence for the feasibility of global eradication (15). In developing countries, reaching such high level of vaccination coverage was not possible with the routine programs and thus needed to be supplied with a general vaccination, such as a catch upa catch-up campaign, providing measles vaccine to all children regardless of prior history of immunization or disease, in the susceptible age groups.
Nowadays, sero-pidemiological studies before and after general vaccination programs in most countries is showing an immunity level of more than 95% (16-18). Several studies have been performed to evaluate the presence of anti-measles antibody after the mass campaign vaccination in different regions of Iran. Two studies in Shiraz and Tehran after one and five years of vaccination have revealed the presence of antibody in 87.5% and 88.5% of the studied populations (19, 20). This value was 90.3% in the survey of Savadkoohi et al. in Babol (21), 91.6% in Salimi et al. evaluation in Tabriz (18) and 97.4% in Esteghamati et al. study in Tehran (17). The results of these studies were in accordance with our observations in the Ahvaz city. Sero-epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the universality of vaccination coverage has an important role in the development of antibody titer for measles, especially in high-age groups (22, 23). The reason for such high level of immunity in the higher age groups is the efficacy of mass campaign for vaccination of measles-rubella, and successful expanded program on immunization.
The highest seropositive cases were identified in the 21 - 25 age groups (96.5%). Such an increase in the prevalence of high-level seropositivity was observed in a study in Urmia and Tabriz, perhaps reflecting more effective control of measles virus in Iranian populations (18, 23). A serological survey in Hong Kong showed that people aging 20 years and higher had a high level of immunity against measles (16).
The same finding was also observed in Turkey where the immunity for measles was lower among preschool children than older age groups (24). Several prospective serological studies demonstrated a gradual progressive decline in measles antibody titer during several years after vaccination. On the contrary, some other surveys showed that there was a significant increase in the antibody titer in older age groups (16, 24, 25). This means that during the mass campaign vaccination program in a community measles immunity increases by age. According to the literature, before the mass campaign, immunity level in the high aged groups was lower, so the incidence rate was higher (26, 27).
Our finding suggesting that after a suitable mass campaign vaccination for measles control, the epidemiological outline for this disease has changed, as the immunity level has increased in the high aged groups.
Generally, the results revealed that seropositive prevalence against measles was relatively low in this area, so there is a possibility that measles antibody levels were insufficient to protect against measles, especially in the lower age groups. However, the immunity level for measles increased with age and reached to the maximum in the age group of 21 - 25. This finding suggests that mass campaign vaccination of measles is successful for its elimination. According to the immunity coverage under 95% in the studied population after eight years of mass campaign vaccination for measles, it is recommended that measles sero-epidemiologial study should be repeated every four to five years.
