1. Background
Kawasaki disease (KD), formerly known as mucocutaneus lymph node syndrome, is an acute multisystem vasculitis of small and medium sized vessels that occurs prominently in children younger than five years of age (1). This disease was first described by Dr. Tamisaku Kawasaki in 1967 (2). He saw his first case of an unusual illness in a four-year-old child with a rash and fever at the Red Cross Hospital of Tokyo, Japan, during January of 1961 (3). Following the initial reports of the disease, it became apparent that this illness was not benign, since a number of children were reported to die of this illness, usually as a result of cardiovascular complications (4).
The etiology of KD is still unknown and no single pathognomonic clinical or laboratory findings for its definitive diagnosis have been identified (5). The diagnosis of classic KD is based on clinical criteria which include fever for at least five days and four or more of the following five features: 1) bilateral conjunctival injection; 2) cervical lymphadenopathy; 3) oral mucosal changes; 4) polymorphous rashes; 5) swelling or redness of the extremities, and the exclusion of alternative diagnoses (6). Fever is typically hectic and remittent, with peak temperatures frequently exceeding 39°C or higher. The fever is unresponsive to antibiotics but partially responds to antipyretics. For untreated children, the febrile period lasts for a mean of 11 days (1). Bilateral painless vascular injection of the bulbar conjunctivae is generally seen in the first week of illness. Patients sometimes have follicular palpebral conjunctivitis.
Conjunctival injection is not associated with exudate, edema or corneal ulceration. Cervical lymphadenopathy is usually unilateral and confined to the anterior cervical triangle. The enlarged node or mass of nodes is usually more than 1.5 cm, is non-fluctuant, may or may not be associated with erythema of the overlying skin and is only moderately tender (1). Changes in the mouth and lips are characterized by erythema, dryness, fissuring, cracking and bleeding of the lips, diffuse erythema of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa, strawberry tongue with erythema and prominent papillae. Oral ulceration, exudates, and Koplik’s spots rarely, if ever, are found in KD (7). Rashes in KD tend to be most prominent on the trunk but frequently also involve the face and extremities (1). Rashes in KD may take any of the several forms. The most common is a macular-popular, primarily truncal erythematous rash. A scarlatiniform rash and an erythema multiforme-like rash with target lesions are also seen. Prineal rashes have been emphasized by many observers (1).
Changes in the extremities are among the most distinctive features of KD. During its initial stage, the palms and soles are diffusely and deeply erythematous with induration and swelling. In the convalescent stage, membranous desquamation from the fingertips may occur (8). The other associated features of KD include: extreme irritability that is especially prominent in infants, sterile pyuria, mild hepatitis, obstructive jaundice, arthralgia and arthritis, aseptic meningitis, diarrhea, myocardiopathy, pericardial effusion, myocardial infarction and hydrops of the gallbladder (1). Erythema, induration or crust at the BCG inoculation site are listed as significant findings among the diagnostic guidelines for KD by the American Heart Association (5).
Children presenting less symptoms than the four classical features of KD are said to have “incomplete or atypical KD” (9). Incomplete KD is more common in young infants than in older children, and leads to inaccurate diagnosis and timely treatment, which is especially important for young patients who are at a substantial risk of developing coronary abnormalities. The concept of “incomplete KD" has emerged in the recent years. Many experienced clinicians have encountered patients with an inflammatory disorder who did not meet the clinical case definition, but in whom an echocardiogram documented coronary artery abnormalities, thus confirming the diagnosis of KD as a systemic vasculitic syndrome having heterogeneous features rather than a single clinical entity (3, 10).
There is no specific diagnostic test for KD, but there are certain laboratory findings are characteristics. This disease is characterized by leukocytosis, especially granulocytosis with high band form counts, and elevated platelet in the second and third weeks of the illness. Anemia may develop, usually with normal red blood cell indexes. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and other acute phase reactants are present in the acute phase of the disease. Moderate elevation in serum transaminases and hypoalbuminemia occur in these patients (1). Administration of high dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in combination with aspirin treatment, within the first 10 days after the onset of fever, has been shown to reduce the rate of major complications (coronary artery abnormalities) from 20-25% to 3-5% (4, 9, 11, 12).
Kawasaki disease is diagnosed after exclusion of other diseases, and the differentiation between KD and similar diseases is sometimes difficult. Better recognition of various presentations of KD helps prevent misdiagnosis and over-diagnosis of this disease. Considering that 20% of patients with KD develop coronary artery abnormalities and some of these patients do not fulfill the classic criteria for KD, better recognition of presenting signs and symptoms of KD is important for early diagnosis of the disease and prevention of complications. To the best of our knowledge, the first report on KD in Iranian children in the English literature was published in 2001 (13) and since, there has been no comprehensive studies on patients with KD in southwest Iran, the authors conducted a retrospective study of the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, and laboratory findings of KD in Ahvaz, southwest Iran.
2. Objectives
The objective of this study was to determine the most common clinical and epidemiological features of KD in order to improve early diagnosis of this disease and prevent its complications.
3. Patients and Methods
In this retrospective study, we reviewed the medical records of all children with KD who had been admitted to Aboozar Children’s Hospital (the main pediatric hospital of Ahvaz, southwestern Iran) from March 2000 to March 2010. All patients who met the criteria for KD, according to the American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines, were included in the study (6, 14). Information concerning epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, laboratory and echocardiographic findings, disease management and outcome for each case was obtained. Echocardiography was performed upon diagnosis, and one week, three weeks, three months, and six months after diagnosis. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 15.00. Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation for quantitative variables and percentages (%) for qualitative. Chi-square and t test were used as appropriate. A P value less than 0.05 were considered significant.
4. Results
In total, 104 patients were enrolled in our study. Amongst these cases, 66 (63.5%) were boys and 38 (36.5%) girls (male to female ratio = 1.7:1). The age of the patients ranged from 3 months to 8 years (mean ± SD = 33.6 ± 24.2 months). Figure 1 shows the age distribution of the patients with KD. Furthermore, 86 (82.7%) patients were from urban and 18 (17.3%) patients from rural areas. More patients were seen during winter (41.3%) and spring (11.5%), but this difference was not significant (P = 0.33). Most patients were referred to the hospital during February and April (Figure 2).
Figure 1.
Age Distribution of the Patients With Kawasaki Disease by Month
Figure 2.
Yearly Distribution of the Patients With Kawasaki Disease
Overall, 64 (61.5%) children fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for classic KD and 40 (38.5%) were diagnosed with incomplete KD. The mean ± SD of hospital stay duration was 6.9 ± 2.4 days. The mean ± SD time between the onset of illness and diagnosis was 6.47 ± 2.6 days. The mean ± SD temperature of patients was 38.65 ± 0.87°C. The most common sign was fever, followed by conjunctivitis and oral mucosal changes. Table 1 shows the clinical manifestations of patients with KD.
Table 1. Clinical Manifestations of Children With Kawasaki Disease (n = 104)a
| Signs and Symptoms | Results |
|---|---|
| Fever | 104 (100) |
| Conjunctivitis | 93 (89.4) |
| Oral changes | 90 (86.5)b |
| Skin rashes | 79 (76) |
| Extremities changes | 69 (66.3)b |
| Cervical lymphadenopathy | 44 (42.3) |
| Anorexia | 36 (36.4) |
| Prineal erythema | 33 (31.7) |
| Coryza | 31 (29.8)b |
| Irritability | 27 (26) |
| Vomiting | 24 (23.1) |
| Diarrhea | 18 (17.3) |
| Arthralgia | 15 (14.4) |
| Cough | 13 (12.5) |
| Hepatomegaly | 7 (6.7)b |
aData are No. (%).
bThe total number is 104.
Laboratory findings of the children are summarized in Table 2. Most patients had high ESR and WBC with predominance of neutrophils. All patients were divided into two groups according to their echocardiographic results; patients with echocardiographic abnormalities (cardiac group) and patients with normal echocardiographic results (non-cardiac group). Twenty-one (20%) patients belonged to the cardiac group; 13 (61.9%) of them were boys and 8 (38.1%) girls. Cardiac abnormalities consisted of mild ectasia of the left and right coronary arteries (12 patients), ectasia of the left main coronary artery and left anterior descending artery (three patients), giant aneurysm of the left coronary artery (one patient), mild mitral regurgitation (two patients), and tricuspid insufficiency (three patients).
| Test | Number | Results |
|---|---|---|
| WBC/mm3 | 104 | 15474 ± 3965 |
| PMN, % | 98 | 67.9 ± 14.4 |
| Hemoglobulin, g/dL | 103 | 10.5 ± 1.4 |
| Platelet count/mm3 | 102 | 457137 ± 242598 |
| ESR, mm/1st h | 102 | 82.2 ± 31 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L | 33 | 53.27 ± 41.85 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L | 33 | 74.88 ± 48.24 |
| Alkaline phosphate, IU/L | 32 | 473 ± 295.29 |
aAbbreviations: WBC, white blood cells; PMN, polymorphonuclear; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
b Data are presented as Mean ± SD.
There was no significant statistical difference between the cardiac and non-cardiac groups regarding age, sex, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and cessation of fever. The duration of hospital admission was significant for the cardiac group (P = 0.004). The time between onset of illness and diagnosis was longer for the cardiac group (P = 0.016). Table 3 shows some characteristics of KD in both groups.
| Variable | Cardiac Group | Non Cardiac Group | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Male | 1.8 | 1.6 | |
| Female | 1 | 1 | |
| Age, months | 31.29 ± 23.31 | 34.18 ± 2 4.52 | NS |
| Duration of fever before treatment, d | 7.71 ± 2.79 | 6.16 ± 2.56 | 0.016 |
| Hospital duration, d | 8.38 ± 2.59 | 6.63 ± 2.35 | 0.004 |
| Cessation of fever, d | 1.48 ± 0.98 | 1.30 ± 1.17 | NS |
| Temperature | 38.81 ± 0.74 | 38.60 ± 0.90 | NS |
| WBC/mm3 | 15604 ± 7925 | 15440 ± 5419 | NS |
| PMN, % | 63 ± 16 | 68 ± 13 | NS |
| Lymphocytes, % | 35 ± 16 | 30 ± 13 | NS |
| Hemoglobulin, g/dL | 9.55 ± 1.36 | 10.17 ± 1.39 | NS |
| Platelet count/mm3 | 480000 ± 287012 | 449481 ± 231129 | NS |
| ESR, mm/1st h | 83 ± 32 | 81 ± 30 | NS |
aAbbreviations: ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; NS, not significant; PMN, polymorphonuclear; WBC, white blood cells.
bData are presented as Mean ± SD.
All patients were treated with a single dose of 2 g/kg IVIG and aspirin (80-100 mg/kg/day) in four divided doses. Aspirin was decreased to 3-5 mg/kg/day after two weeks and continued for two months. Most patients responded well to the initial therapy. The mean ± SD time of cessation of fever after treatment was 1.34 ± 1.13 day. One patient needed three doses of IVIG and methyl prednisolone for three days. One Patient firstly presented fever and jaundice, while signs and symptoms of KD appeared later. Eventually, in serial echocardiography follow-up, cardiac abnormalities recovered in 103 patients. In one patient giant aneurysm persisted after six months and he was put on long-term anticoagulant therapy.
5. Discussion
We reported the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, management, and disease outcome for children with KD in southwest Iran. The mean age at the onset of the disease (33 months) was similar to the mean age reported from Iran (15) Jamaica (16) china (17) and Korea (18). The male preponderance in this study was similar to most studies, (19-23), yet lower than studies from China and Sweden (24, 25). In our study, similar to a study from the United States of America, the disease was more common in winter and spring (26) yet, in other studies, KD had a peak incidence during other seasons (4, 27). In one study from Iran, there was no clear-cut seasonal difference in the incidence of KD (28).
The clinical manifestations of KD in our study were similar to other studies. Oral changes and conjunctivitis were the most common cardinal features (4, 22, 28-30) while lymphadenopathy was the least common cardinal sign (15, 17, 31). The high rate of white blood cells (WBC), polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, platelet count and ESR was similar to other reports (1, 13, 18, 27, 30, 31). This study was a retrospective study and had the limitations of this type of studies. Some information was not recorded correctly and accurately and some medical records had missing data.
Some laboratory results were not recorded for all children. In regards to the considerable number of patients with incomplete KD, for each young child with prolonged and unexplainable fever, KD should be considered during the differential diagnosis. In this study, 21 (20%) patients had cardiac abnormalities. The frequency of cardiac abnormalities are different in reports from Thailand (6.2%) (32), Taiwan (11%), (33) Hong Kong (15%) (22), USA (17%) (34), Oman (25%) (4), Finland (28%) (35), China (32%) (24), and Turkey (33%) (30). There was no significant difference between the cardiac and non-cardiac patients except for the duration of hospital course and interval between onset of disease and treatment. Similar to some studies, in patients with cardiac abnormalities, the treatment begun later and the hospital course was longer (17). In one study from Pakistan, delayed treatment and fever more than 10 days at the time of initial presentation were risk factors for development of cardiac abnormalities (36).
In this study, the response of patients to IVIG and aspirin was good and fever subsided shortly after IVIG administration. Cardiac abnormalities resolved in all patients except one. One limitation of our study was the relatively short follow-up period (6 months). Kawasaki disease is a relatively common disease in the southwest of Iran. The disease is more prevalent in males and young children and occurs mostly during winter and spring. A considerable portion of patients, do not fulfill the criteria of classic KD (incomplete KD). The rate of cardiac abnormality is 20% and patients respond well to administration of IVIG and aspirin. Prolonged fever and delayed treatment were risk factors for developing cardiac abnormalities.
