1. Background
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are very common worldwide. Clinically, herpes viruses display a range of diseases. Common HSV infections involve skin and/or mucus affecting face and mouth, genitalia and other body parts (1). Also, this virus can damages eyes and the central nervous system (CNS) (2). Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) infection is one of the known viral keratitis and the main cause of blindness and visual morbidity in developing countries. Eye infection is a latent infection in the body, mainly in the trigeminal ganglia and can be revived by fever, trauma, stress, immunosuppressive agent or exposure to ultraviolet radiation (3-5). The prevalence of ocular HSV disease has been estimated in 5.9 to 7.20 cases per 100000 annually, as reported in some countries (6).
A few studies were performed regarding the diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis HSE in Iran until now. A study conducted in Mashhad revealed HSE prevalence in infants with septicemia as 3.3% (7). Another study conducted in Hamedan showed the HSE incidence as 15% (8). Accordingly, curing HSK is hard for ophthalmologists despite the existence of advanced diagnostic methods and impressive effect of antiviral drugs such as acyclovir (3). Other serious HSV infections include herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), which is a common cause of severe sporadic viral infection in humans CNS (4, 9). About 30% of HSE cases resulted from primary HSV infection, predominantly occurring in individuals younger than 18 years (10). Nearly, 50% of patients with HSE are older than 50 years. HSE occurs relatively uncommonly with prevalence of only one case per 500000 populations annually (11). According to the studies on HSK in Iran, the prevalence of this infection among HSK sufferers was relatively variable between 30% - 88% (12, 13). HSE causes significant morbidity and mortality in patients without or with ineffective antiviral treatment. In the absence of treatment, mortality rate exceeds 70% and only 20% of survivors completely regain their normal brain function (10, 11, 14).
Primary diagnosis and treatment with acyclovir are essential in decreasing both mortality and occurrence of neurological sequelae in surviving patients (15). HSV infection may be primary or recurrent (16). HSV is the main cause of herpes infections in mouth and lips, including cold sores and fever blisters, which commonly passes through normal human contact (17). A kind of mucosal HSV infection, genital HSV, is a sexually transmitted infection. The biggest concern about genital herpes during pregnancy is that the mother might transmit it to her fetus during labor and delivery. Newborn herpes is relatively rare; nearly 1500 newborns are affected annually (18). However, the disease can be disrupting. Therefore, it is important to make early diagnosis and reduce the chance of infection in babies (19). Early, rapid and reliable diagnosis of such infections, especially HSE and HSK, is very critical for patients’ safety. Today, Real-time TaqMan probe PCR analysis is a valuable, reliable, highly sensitive and specific diagnostic method in HSV DNA detection (20, 21). Herpes simplex viral load in patients can serve as the best prospective marker for therapeutic effect.
2. Objectives
The aim of this study was to diagnose HSV infection in suspected patients by Real-time TaqMan probe PCR.
3. Patients and Methods
3.1. Patients
In this study, 1566 patients with suspected HSV infections were enrolled. Overall, 622 (39.8%) females and 944 (60.2%) males aged 17 days to 96 years with a mean ± SD of 32.48 ± 27.04 years old were included. They had been referred to Prof. Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center (PACMRC), Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. In total, 36.9% (521 ones) of patients were younger than 15 years and 63.1% (891 adults) were older than 15 years. The samples were classified to four groups; first cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from HSE suspected individuals with symptoms such as alteration of consciousness, fever, dysphasia, ataxia and seizures received in sterile containers. Second, samples from epithelial scraping, tear fluid and aqueous humor in HSK suspected patients with symptoms including eye redness, mainly around the cornea, ache or pain in eyes, photophobia, watering eye and blurred vision. Third, plasma samples of immune compromised patients and the last one, samples were collected with swab from the vesicle of different parts; for example, blister on lips or eruption on tongue. All samples were collected within maximum six hours to arrive at PACMRC and kept frozen at -70°C until the examination. Research Ethics Committee at PACMRC, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, reviewed and approved the design of study. Informed consents were obtained from participants or their legal guardians.
3.2. Nucleic Acid Extraction
DNA was extracted from 200 µL of CSF, serum and transport medium using spin-column based Stratec molecular, according to the manufacturer's instruction (Invisorb Spin Virus DNA Mini Kit, Germany).
3.3. Real-time Taq Man PCR
HSV Real-time PCR assay was performed with the Primer Design TM Genesig kit (Primer Design, UK). In brief, each PCR reaction contained 5 µL of extracted DNA, 10 µL of 1x TaqMan universal PCR master mix (Applied Biosystems, Branchburg, New Jersey, USA), 15 Pmol of each primer and 5 Pmol probe. The final volume of Real-time PCR mixture was 20 µL. Amplification conditions using Primer Design kit were as follows; one cycle of 15 minutes at 95°C, 45 two-step cycles of 15 seconds at 95°C (denaturation step) and 1 minute at 60°C (annealing), performed in a 7500 Applied Biosystem Real-time instrument. The positive and negative controls were used in each run of PCR. The results were interpreted by PCR Amplification plots.
3.4. Statistical Analysis
HSV infection rate was statistically analyzed between different age groups and genders using SPSS software (version 16, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
4. Results
In this study, there were 1566 samples collected from June 2008 to August 2012. Figure 1 shows the distribution of collected samples as follows; 407 (25.6%) HSK, 791 (50.24%) HSE, 196 (12.42%) systemic HSV infection (plasma samples), 143 (9.84%) oropharyngeal (oral swabs) and 29 (1.9%) of total patients had HSV skin lesion (body swabs) (Table 1). HSE suspected patients comprised the highest frequency with 791 patients with 301 (38.4%) females and 490 (61.6%) males. Of 44 samples with positive results, 21 (47.7%) were males and 23 (52.3%) females (Figure 2). The patients were grouped for age range. Our data showed that 12 (29.3%) HSV genome positive patients with HSE were younger than 15 and the rest aged 15 years or older.
The difference in positive and negative samples between age and gender groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The second most frequent HSV infected patients included 153 (37.6%) female and 254 (62.4%) male patients with suspected HSK. The results showed that of 118 (26.8%) positive cases, 83 (70.1%) were males and 35 (29.9%) females (Figure 2); 6 (6.1%) were younger than 15 and 112 (93.9%) older than 15 years. A significant difference was found in positive and negative samples between age and gender groups (P < 0.001). There were 196 systemic HSV suspected patients (plasma samples) including 93 (48.2%) females and 103 males (51.8%). Of 23 positive samples, 14 (63.6%) were male and 9 (36.4%) female (Figure 2). Eighteen patients were younger than 15 years and five were older than 15 years. The difference in positive and negative samples was not statistically significant between age and gender groups (P > 0.05).
The patients with HSV skin lesion (body swabs) included 11 (37.9%) female and 18 male (62.1%). As shown, 13 (44.8%) had positive results; of 13 positive samples, 7 were male (53.8%) and 6 (46.2%) female (Figure 2). As far as age range was concerned, eight patients with positive results were younger than 15 and others were older than 15 years. Furthermore, 143 oropharyngeal HSV suspected cases (oral swabs) included 65 (46.1%) females and 76 (53.9%) males. Of patients with positive results, 30 (47.6%) and 33 patients (52.4%) were male and female (Figure 2), respectively. Among the respective 65 positive patients, 18 were younger than 15 and 47 older than 15 years. The difference in positive and negative samples of HSV skin and oropharyngeal suspected patients was not statistically significant between age and gender groups (P > 0.05).
Figure 1.
Distributions of Collected Specimens in Different Groups of Study and Number of Patients With Positive Results
Table 1. Demographic Data of HSV Suspected Patients a
| HSV Complications | Male | Female | Mean Age | Number of Positive, No. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HSE | 490 | 301 | 31.15 | 44 (5.6) |
| HSK | 254 | 153 | 51.95 | 118 (26.8) |
| Skin | 18 | 11 | 9.20 | 13 (44.8) |
| Oropharyngeal | 65 | 76 | 13.07 | 65 (45.5) |
| Systemic infection | 103 | 93 | 15.15 | 23 (11.7) |
aAbbreviations: HSE, herpes simplex encephalitis; HSK, herpes simplex keratitis.
Figure 2.
The Prevalence of HSV Infections in Different Groups of Study in Both Genders
5. Discussion
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is widely used in clinics and laboratories, can be used for diagnosis of HSV infection. Among the PCR methods, Real-time PCR has the advantages of both speed and quantification (21). Recently, Real-time PCR has begun to demonstrate its potential usage in the field of clinical virology, specifically in detection of herpes virus DNA (15, 22). In the present study, Real-time PCR assay was used to detect HSV in suspected patients (23). From all HSV suspected patients referring to PACMRC, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, more than 50% were suspected to HSE disorder, 407 (25.6%) HSK, 196 (12.42%) systemic HSV infection, 141 (9.84%) gingivostomatitis and 29 (1.9%) HSV skin lesions. Various studies showed the importance of early detection of these infections as soon as possible. HSE is one of the most considerable HSV associated disorders investigated in this study.
According to the results, 44 (5.6%) CSFs from 791 HSE suspected specimens had positive results for HSV genome including 21 (47.7%) male and 23 (52.3%) female. There was no significant difference between the genders for HSE. The previous study of present authors showed that (from November 2004 to May 2008) of the 236 samples, HSV DNA was detected in 22 (9.3%) cases by quantification PCR assay including 13 males and 9 females. Real-time PCR assay had no false negative results in this study and was a valuable tool in the diagnosis of HSE (24). In addition, increasing the number of patients with suspected HSE infection in the two periods of our study (November 2004 to May 2008 and June 2008 to August 2012) showed that a rapid, timely and sensitive diagnostic method is required.
Rapid diagnosis of HSK infection, the leading infectious cause of blindness, can be extremely useful in clinical terms. It seems that quantitative detection of HSV DNA in herpetic ulcers could be helpful in evaluation efficacy of antiviral treatment. Of 407 HSK suspected patients, 118 (26.8%) had positive results for HSV DNA. Six (6.1%) of patients with positive results were younger than 15 and the others (93.9%) older than 15 years. The results showed that HSV DNA in ocular HSV infection correlated with patients' age and there was a signification correlation between these two groups (i.e., under 15 and above 15 year old groups). Although the number of children with HSV keratitis is low, they are at risk of recurrent HSK and amblyopic prolonged systematic antiviral prophylaxis may help prevent such consequences (25). Similar obtained results indicated that the older patients with herpetic corneal ulcers, the greater their chance of HSV genome diagnosis (26).
These results suggested that HSK is one of the epidemiologically important eye diseases. It is better to monitor ocular herpetic disease by Real-time PCR method because of its high sensitivity for diagnosis of herpes keratitis, which could be helpful in clinical diagnosis and treatment decisions (27). HSV infections are the most common cause of skin, lips, buccal cavity and other gingivostomatitis disease. Among 29 cases of suspected HSV skin infections, 13 (44.8%) had positive results for HSV genome. According to age range, eight patients with positive results for HSV were younger than 15 and others were older than 15 years. Furthermore, of total positive patients with herpetic stomatitis infection, 30 (47.6%) and 35 (52.4%) were male and female, respectively. In the same group, of 65 patients with positive results, 18 and 47 patients were younger and older than 15 years, respectively. These results suggested that early diagnosis of infections is critical, especially in patients undergoing organ transplants.
Hygiene in schools and raising awareness of people in this regard can be effective in reducing HSV infections. Patients with systemic HSV infection are at a high risk of developing severe HSV disorder. Of 196 samples, 23 (11.7%) had positive results including 18 patients younger than 15 and 5 patients older than 15 years. The results showed no statistically significant difference in positive and negative samples between age and gender groups (P > 0.05). As revealed, the number of patients with suspected chronic vaginal infection was low in this study; however, early diagnosis of such devastating illness using Real-time PCR can be critical in pregnant women for the health of their fetuses. This study suggested that Real-time, quantitative PCR is becoming commonplace in clinical laboratory settings as a reliable, highly sensitive and specific method. Furthermore, determining herpes simplex viral load in suspected individuals can serve as the best prospective marker of therapeutic effect.
