1. Background
Boletus griseipurpureus (Boletaceae) is a wild edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom, rich in protein and low in fat (1). The taste of this mushroom is bitter (1, 2). An analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region for B. griseipurpureus from the south of Thailand revealed a monophylogenetic clade (1). However, Only ITS sequences cannot indicate the differences among its populations at the subspecies level. The second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) is more variable and more informative than the ITS region (3) and has been used to constitute phylogenetic trees of genera, such as Cortinarius and to resolve the species concepts in Strobilomyces (4). Therefore, this marker has the potential to discriminate the subspecies (3) and thus it was chosen in this study.
Mushroom extracts are generally used in dietary supplements and in combination with herbs (5) for their potential health benefits. Bioactive compounds have been recognized in a few species (6). Ethanolic extracts of Pleurotus and Russula inhibited both the Gram-positive and the Gram-negative bacteria (7). For this reason, the antibacterial properties of B. griseipurpureus Corner extracts were assessed in this study.
2. Objectives
This study aimed to identify the genetic variation of B. griseipurpureus and also to evaluate any antibacterial activities.
3. Materials and Methods
Basidiomes were collected under Acacia magium in Surat Thani and Songkhla Provinces and under eucalypts in Roi Et and Ubon Ratchathani Provinces, in Thailand. Additional basidiomes were purchased from markets in Songkhla and Ubon Ratchathani. Basidiomes were assigned to the B. griseipurpureus Corner taxon on the basis of the morphological features (2).
3.1. Molecular Identification
Genomic DNA was extracted from five basidiomes per collection and purified (8). Similar to another study (1), amplification was performed in a 50 µL reaction mixture, fRPB2-5F (Fungal RPB2-5Forward) and bRPB2 7.1R (Basidiomycete RPB2 7.1 Reward) (Biodesign, Thailand) used as primers. Sequences were then edited using BioEdit and MEGA (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis) (version 5.05) was applied to analyze the aligned sequences carried out by the Clustal W analysis. Bootstrapping was performed with 1000 replicates of the neighbor-joining (NJ) analyses using 1000 replicates.
3.2. Basidiocarp Extracts
Basidiomes were dried at 40°C for 16 hours before 70 g was blended and soaked in 500 mL of either methanol or ethyl acetate at room temperature for 1 week. Extraction was performed twice and samples were replicated. The residue was re-extracted twice with 500 mL of the solvent, reduced to dryness, dissolved in the respective solvent to a concentration of 200 mg/mL and stored at 4°C. The antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29523 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA 189) inoculated as compared with McFarland standard No. 0.5, was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar (Becton Dickinson and Company, France). The extracts (80 µL) were placed in 6 mm wells; the plates in triplicate were incubated at 37 + 2°C for 24 hours and the diameter of inhibition zones was determined. Positive controls were 313.16 µmol/L Norfloxacin. The inhibition diameter of the control solvent was subtracted from the corresponding fungal extract. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. The best extract was determined by the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) (9).
4. Results
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from the amplified rDNA were 1,100 bp in size on 1.5% agarose gels. The rDNA RPB2 regions were cloned and the nucleotide sequences were used to constitute a phylogenetic tree (Figure 1) together with 13 GenBank sequences. B. griseipurpureus from Ubon Ratchathani and Roi Et had a greater sequence identity than that from the southern provinces of Thailand (Surat Thani and Songkhla). Overall, the B. griseipurpureus sequences were closely related to the B. edulis and B. satanus sequence data in GenBank. The basidiome crude extracts showed a significant antagonistic effect against the growth of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (P < 0.05) and the crude methanol extract exhibited a stronger antibacterial activity than the crude ethyl acetate extract (P < 0.01, Table 1). The MIC of the crude methanol extract was 31 g/L.
Figure 1.
Numerals beside internal branches indicate bootstrap probabilities ≥ 50% based on 1000 replicates. Scale indicates expected number of substitutions per site. GenBank accession numbers are shown. B.griseipurpureus Corner from Ubon ratchathani = Bg Ubon ratchathani (KC887325), B. griseipurpureus from Roi Et = Bg Roi Et (KC887326), B. griseipurpureus from Surat Thani = Bg Surat Thani (KC887327), B. griseipurpureus from Songkhla = Bg Songkhla (KC887328).
Table 1.
Inhibition of two Basidiome Extracts on Three Species of Bacteria
| Inhibition Zone, mm | Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29523 | Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 | Staphylococcus aureus MRSA 189 | Average diameter of inhibition zone |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methanol extract a | 16.6 ± 1.5 | 17.0 ± 1.0 | 15.0 ± 1.7 | 16.2 ± 1.6 |
| Ethyl acetate extract b | 12.0 ± 2.0 | 13.6 ± 2.3 | 12.6 ± 2.0 | 12.7 ± 1.9 |
a Data are presented as Mean ± SD.
b Values are not different by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (P < 0.05).
5. Discussion
The sequences which contained the RPB2 region suggest a monophylogenetic clade among basidiomes of B. griseipurpureus and the phylogenetic tree suggests that B. griseipurpureus has affinity in the Boletus group. These findings are in contrast with the ITS results that showed B. griseipurpureus was more closely related to Tylopilus than the Boletus group (1). In the future, the RPB2 region should be analyzed in parallel with other molecular markers for the phylogenetic study such as LSU, ATP6, RPB1, nuc-lsu and mtSSU sequences in order to better define the taxa boundaries (3, 4, 10, 11). This will require a more extensive collection of B. griseipurpureus in the region than what was possible in this study.
Lastly, the antimicrobial activities of the basidiome extracts suggest that this edible species may have attributes other than food nutrients. As for the extracts of Daedalea elegans, the methanol extracts had a greater biological activity (5). A crude methanol extract from Auricularia polytrica was able to inhibit both S. aureus and E. coli (9). The crude methanol extracts of Tylopilus neofelleus basidiomes were active against the Gram-positive but were inactive for the Gram-negative bacteria (12). However, a crude ethanol extract of Russula delica was more effective in inhibiting the growth of the Gram-positive than the Gram-negative bacteria (13). The higher activities of the crude methanol extracts are in concordance with a previous study with Strobilomyces (14). For this study, the crude methanol extract of B. griseipurpureus displayed a stronger antibacterial activity than the crude ethyl acetate extract. The minimal inhibition concentration of the crude methanolic extract from the basidiocarp of this species (31 g/L) was high, compared to the extracts from Tricholoma lobayensis (9). Moreover, the basidocarp extracts also available in some plant extracts, such as the crude ethanolic extract of Zataria multiflora was able to inhibit 75 strains of MRSA at the concentration 2-16 mg/L.
The replacement of antibacterial agents with extracts of medicinal mushrooms and herbs may overcome bacterial activities (5, 9, 12-16). B. griseipurpureus might be applied in dietary supplements in combination with herbs (5) and bioactive compounds for potential health benefits. A further study of this species will help enhance its values and widen its cultivation opportunities.