Evaluation of Reliability and Validity of Persian Version of Children’s Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) Questionnaire and Practical Use

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease with more prevalence in children less than five years old (1). In one study in Kerman by Farajzadeh et al., the prevalence of AD was estimated at 9.1% (2). Genetic defects in epidermal structures and impaired skin barriers may lead to dry and irritable skin in these patients. Severe itching and eczematous lesions are key features of the disease. The acute phase of AD is defined by erythema, swelling, bulla, and vesicle formation, while the chronic phase is characterized by scaling and marked skin thickness (1-3).

Former studies revealed that AD children have a lower quality of life (QoL) than those with other chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, renal disease, acne, psoriasis, and vitiligo (4). Severe pruritus in patients with AD can result in anxiety, sleepiness, and low concentration during daytime and negative effects on school performance (5, 6). Moreover, various factors such as air pollution, house dust mite, and smoking can exacerbate or trigger the disease course (7, 8). Changes in lifestyle including hobbies, physical activities, dressing, and eating habits can interfere with the inter-personal and social relationships (9).

Currently, there are different questionnaires to evaluate QoL in children with chronic disease (10-12). The English version of the Children’s Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) questionnaire exclusively evaluates QoL in children aged 4 to 16 years old. Atopic dermatitis is the most common skin disease evaluated by this questionnaire. The validity and reliability of different language versions of the questionnaire have already been evaluated (13).

In this study, we decided to assess the validity and reliability of the Persian version of QOL in children with AD.

The CDLQL questionnaire contains 10 questions considering physical symptoms, mood changes, disturbance in educational, social, physical, and leisure activities, treatment problems, as well as adjustment in sleeping, bathing, and dressing habits in the recent week in children aged 4 to 16 years. Each question has four choices, including not at all, a little, a lot, and very much. The score of each question varies from 0 to 3. The final score is calculated as the sum of all scores that varies from 0 to 30. A higher score indicates the more influence of the disease on the QoL of children.

To create the Persian version of CDLQI, we got permission from the original authors. Two independent bilingual natives, whose first language was Persian, translated the questionnaire into Persian. Next, after approval of the first Persian translation of the questionnaire, it was back-translated to English by two additional bilingual English translators. This process continued in agreement with national translation rules until obtaining a final proof by original authors. Then, 10 children with AD were assessed to confirm the comprehensibility of the questionnaire (14).

Finally, after obtaining written consent from parents and children older than 12 years, we assessed the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the questionnaire. We surveyed from September 2015 to June 2016 in Afzalipour hospital in Kerman University of Medical Sciences. The inclusion criteria were AD children aged 4 to 16 years capable of reading and understanding the Persian language. We excluded children affected by other diseases with a negative impact on QoL. Patient characteristics and demographic data, including age, sex, family history of atopy, and severity of the disease, were collected based on SCORAD along with the socio-economic and educational condition of the family. Then, the Persian version of the CDLQ questionnaire was filled out by children with AD.

One hundred AD children with a mean age of 8.31 ± 3.02 years (range 5 - 15) participated in the study. Fifty-two percent of the patients were males. A family history of atopy was reported in 41% of the participants.

4.4. Validity

We used the scree plot and Kaiser criterion to calculate the validity, representing one-factor structure and describing 47.4% of the variance (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Scree plot and Kaiser criterion for calculation of validity

Chronic skin diseases such as AD affect the physical appearance and lifestyle of the patients and may lead to learning difficulties, behavioral problems, and cognitive impairment, and have negative impacts on the QoL of the patients (10, 11, 15). Hence, it is always necessary to develop a standard questionnaire to assess the QoL of the patients (16-18). The CDLQI questionnaire specifically evaluates the QoL of children with dermatitis aged 4 to 16 years old (19, 20). The current study revealed a mean score of 9.44 ± 5.47 that was in agreement with the results of a meta-analysis by Olsen et al. (7.1 - 9.8), representing the moderate effect of AD on the QoL of these patients (4). Currently, the validity and reliability of this questionnaire are evaluated in different countries with reported Cronbach’s alpha values from 0.82 to 0.92 (13, 21). Cronbach’s alpha in our study was 0.87, indicating a good internal consistency. In the present study, a one-factor solution with factor loadings from 0.59 to 0.77 was achieved for the items. Only one study by Balc in Turkey analyzed factor loadings using a two-factor solution that led to 0.07 - 0.74 for the first factor and 0.09 - 0.83 for the second factor (20).

In the majority of the studies, the feelings and educational activates were the most and the least items influenced by AD, respectively (13). In the present study, the most and the least items affected by AD were itching and sports activities, respectively.

Our research demonstrated no relationship between the QoL and demographic features of the patients that was compatible with the Ganemo study in Sweden (22). Some surveys showed two peaks of QoL at six and 15 years old and described lower QoL in male children (21, 23). The current study revealed that patients with more severe disease had lower QoL (Pearson correlation = 0.70) that was compatible with other studies with Pearson correlations between 0.53 and 0.78 (13, 23).

The mean score of QoL in the present study was 9.44. In one study in Malaysia by Aziah et al., this number was reported to be 10 that indicated a lower QoL in comparison with our study. This difference might be due to the higher severity of the disease in their studies. The mean number of SCORAD in the Aziah study was 36 versus 31.97 in our study. In addition, the maximum severity of the disease in the Aziah study was 83 versus 57.4 in our study (24).

In the present study, AD had a significant negative effect on the QoL of 65% of the participants (38% with moderate effect, 27% with large effect) that was nearly in accordance with the Amaral study in Brazil, with a significant effect of 72% (38% moderate effect and 34% large effect) (25). A limitation of this study was the collection of data solely from one pediatric dermatology clinic as a referral center in the southeast of Iran. Therefore, it may include more severe cases that result in the lower QoL of AD children. Thus, further studies are recommended to evaluate the efficacy of treatment modalities on the QoL of patients with a larger number of patients.