1. Introduction
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is an uncommon, benign, slow-growing disorder of adults and is characterized by solitary or multiple intradermal or subcutaneous erythematous, violaceous, or brown papules, plaques, or nodules (1-4).
Recent reports on ALHE focus particularly on atypical sites such as the tongue, penis, and eyelids (2-6). Penis is an extremely rare site for ALHE lesions comprising less than 26 cases reported up to date (6). We reported a 36-years-old man with ALHE lesion on penis and discussed the clinical and histopathologic features.
2. Case Presentation
A 36-years-old circumcised male, presented with an asymptomatic, solitary, erythematous plaque on his penis for months with a history of gradual increase in the size of the lesion over six weeks. There was no history of other symptoms such as urinary symptoms or painful erections or any other sexual dysfunction.
Before being referred to our center, He had received empiric treatments with some antibiotics such as penicillin for two to three weeks with the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases (STD), but there was no response to them. Unfortunately, the patient did not know the detail of the names, dosing, and intervals of the previous nonspecific treatments.
There was no involvement of any other parts of his body and he was otherwise in a good health. His family and medical history were insignificant. In addition, he had no history of alcohol consumption or cigarette smoking. In addition, the patient did not mention any history of trauma.
Physical examination revealed a solitary, erythematous, eroded, indurated plaque measuring about 7 mm × 13 mm over the lateral aspect of glans penis (Figure 1). The lesion was non-foul–smelling, non-tender, and non-friable, and there was no bleeding on manipulation. In addition, the lesion was covered with scant yellowish slough. The examination of his inguinal lymph nodes revealed no significant lymphadenopathy. His general physical examination was quite normal and there was no associating lesions on other sites of the skin.
Figure 1.
A Solitary, Erythematous, Indurated Plaque Measuring About 7 mm × 13 mm Over the Lateral Aspect of Glans Penis
Findings of routine blood and biochemical tests and the chest X-ray were completely normal and results of screening tests for sexually transmitted infections including venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) and viral markers such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were negative.
According to the failure of therapeutic response to topical corticosteroid such as betamethasone ointment, a punch biopsy was performed that revealed unremarkable epidermis with large thick-walled vessels in the upper and mid dermis lined by plump endothelial cells protruding into the lumen (Figure 2). There was a relatively dense perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate with many eosinophils (Figure 3). These features were consistent with angiolymphoid hyperplasia. Based on clinicopathologic correlation, a final diagnosis of ALHE was made. Unfortunately, patient did not accept to undergo any treatment.
Figure 2.
Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining; Magnification, 40×.
Figure 3.
Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining; Magnification, 100×.
3. Discussion
The ALHE is a rare benign vascular proliferation presenting as dome-shaped papules and nodules in dermis and subcutaneous tissue. It is commonly found in the head and neck with most of the lesions being presented on peri-auricular region, forehead, or scalp (5, 7, 8). Involvement of other organs including liver, orbit, spleen, palate, bone, heart, blood vessels, parotid gland, and colon have been reported (5, 7). They may be asymptomatic or present as pulsatile, pruritic, or even painful lesions (6, 7). It is slightly more common in females, presenting between third to fifth decades of life, with mean age at onset of 30 to 33 years (5, 6); therefore, female hormones may play a role in the pathogenesis of ALHE. Peripheral blood eosinophilia (5 - 15% WBCs) is seen in about 20% of patients (5, 6). the ALHE is usually seen in Asians (5).
The first case of ALHE was described in 1969. The etiology is unknown. The studies have explained that ALHE is not neoplastic, but it is a form of reactive hyperplastic process that may develop as a result of injury and repair of vessels (5). Trauma, pregnancy, immunizations, and malformations may be the triggering factors for ALHE (3, 5, 7). Allergic reaction secondary to the immunization may induce ALHE lesions (5). Vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin 5 are increased in some cases (5). In addition, ALHE may be a true vascular disorder, because some reports have described clonality in some ALHE lesions (3).
The clinical differential diagnosis includes lymphoid hyperplasia, lymphoma cutis, sarcoidosis, cutaneous metastases, Kaposi sarcoma, angiosarcoma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, and a reaction to insect bite (3, 7).
Histopathologic features of ALHE are characterized by proliferation of small- to medium-sized blood vessels, often with lobular architecture. These vessels are lined by plump epithelioid endothelial cells causing poorly canalized; the endothelial cells protrude into the lumen of the vascular channels and form a characteristic “Cobblestone” appearance. The perivascular region is infiltrated by lymphocytes and eosinophils (2, 8). The number of mast cells is commonly increased in ALHE (1). The endothelial cells are homogeneously positive for CD34 (2). Immunohistochemical examination shows lymphocytes infiltration in ALHE lesions, which are large aggregation of T cells and occasionally small infiltration of B cells that usually form the lymphoid follicles (2, 3); however, well-formed lymphoid aggregation are infrequently observed in ALHE (2).
The histopathologic differential diagnosis includes other vascular tumors, angiosarcoma, bacillary angiomatosis, and epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (9). The ALHE can remit in some cases after several months (3, 5). Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice, but recurrences have been reported in 33 - 50% of cases (1, 2, 9). The recur is more reported after a partial surgical excision (4). Other treatment options include intralesional and systemic corticosteroids (1, 9) ablative and non-ablative lasers such as CO2 and pulsed dye laser, electrodessication, embolization, cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation, and cryotherapy (1, 2, 5).
To our knowledge, genitalia is a rare site of presentation for ALHE. Therefore, when there is any dermal or subcutaneous lesion, even on genitalia such as glans penis, it is logical to consider ALHE in differential diagnosis.
