Abstract
Background: Dietary modifications remain the mainstay in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Objectives: The present study aims to extract the dietary patterns and investigate their association with abnormal glycemic control determined by elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data from 180 adult patients (≥ 18 years) with T2DM who were referred to the endocrinology clinic of Kowsar Hospital of Semnan (68.9% males) in 2023 were analyzed. Usual dietary intake was assessed by a validated dish-based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). We classified major dietary patterns by explanatory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The adjusted OR and 95% CI for abnormal glycemic control (based on the HBA1c levels ≥ 7%) were estimated using multiple logistic regression.
Results: Three major dietary patterns, including unhealthy characterized by high consumption of fast foods, processed meats, salty snacks, high-fat dairy products, and grains-vegetables dietary pattern comprised of nuts, coffee, pickles/lemon juices, and vegetables/vegetable juices, and mixed dietary patterns, characterized by high frequent consumption of salt, oils, legumes, red and organ meats, potatoes, white meats, and refined grains. The result of CFA indicated acceptable good data fit of the dietary patterns) χ2/df = 3.11, GFI = 0.901, AGFI = 0.890, CFI = 0.921, IFI = 0.910, SRMR = 0.080, RMSEA = 0.090. In the multiple-adjusted model, adult patients who adhere to the unhealthy dietary pattern were more affected by abnormal glycemic control risk (3rd vs. 1st tertile: OR = 9.36; 95% CI = 2.70 - 32.41, Ptrend = 0.002). Patients who adhere to the mixed dietary pattern were also more affected by abnormal glycemic control risk (3rd vs. 1st tertile: OR = 14.69; 95% CI = 1.46 - 147.32, Ptrend = 0.003). However, the odds ratio trend was insignificant in the grains-vegetables dietary pattern.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that unhealthy and mixed dietary patterns are associated with an increased prevalence of elevated HbA1c levels among T2DM patients. However, future longitudinal studies are required to confirm the integrity of our findings.
Keywords
Fulltext
The full-text is available in the PDF file.
Copyright
© 2024, Author(s). This open-access article is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which allows for unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.