Effect of foot reflexology on sleep quality and severity of fatigue in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A double-blind randomized clinical trial

authors:

avatar Saeedeh Sayari , avatar Raheb Ghorbani ORCID , avatar Monir Nobahar ORCID , *


how to cite: Sayari S, Ghorbani R, Nobahar M. Effect of foot reflexology on sleep quality and severity of fatigue in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. koomesh. 2021;23(3):e149951. 

Abstract

Introduction: Sleep disorders and fatigue are common problems in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) which can lead to an increased incidence of recurrent myocardial infarction and arrhythmias. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of foot reflexology on sleep quality and fatigue severity in the AMI patients. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 90 AMI patients who had inclusion criteria were evaluated from cardiac care unit of Shahid Rajaee Hospital in Karaj, Iran from 30 may 2015 to 20 August 2016,  and were randomly assigned to 3 groups: Treatment (n=30), placebo (n=30), and control (n=30). Left foot reflexology in the treatment group and right foot reflexology were performed in the placebo group.The control group did not receive any intervention. Foot reflexology intervention was performed for 3 consecutive day’s for 20 minutes. The severity of fatigue was assessed in 3 groups of above, before, immediately and 20 minutes later of intervention by VAS. Sleep quality was assessed by Pittsburgh questionnaires and VAS, the day before and two consecutive days after intervention. Results: The fatigue intensity score of the treatment group immediately after intervention was not significantly different from the control (P=0.233) and placebo groups (P=0.903). Remarkably, the control group was not significantly different from placebo (P=1.00). The fatigue severity score in 20 minutes after intervention was significantly lower than the control group (P=0.003), but did not differ significantly from the placebo group (P=0.355). Also, fatigue severity score of the control group did not differ significantly from the placebo group (P=0.218). Sleep quality with VAS and Pittsburgh on first and second day after intervention wasn’t significantly different in the treatment  groups compared with the control and the placebo groups and in the control group than the placebo group (P>0.05). Conclusion: Findings showed that foot reflex massage 20minutes after intervention induced of significant reduction in fatigue severity in the AMI patients. Therefore, nurses can use this easy, non-pharmacological, non-invasive and low-cost method to improve severity of fatigue.

References

  • 1.

    [1] World Health Organization. Cardiovascular disease. 2020; Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases/#tab=tab_1.

  • 2.

    [2] Ministry of Health & Treatment. The situation of cardiac deaths in Iran. 2018; Available from: https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/838094.

  • 3.

    [3] World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases. 2020; Available from: http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases/index.html.

  • 4.

    [4] World Health Organization. Regional office for the eastern mediterranean Islamic Republic of Iran health profile 2015.

  • 5.

    Eastern Mediterranean. 2015; Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/253768.

  • 6.

    [5] Civil Registration Organization. Demographic Statistics Yearbook 2018 / National Civil Registration Organization; Office of Population and Immigration Statistics and Information. Tehran; 2018. Https://www.https://www.sabteahval.ir/avej/default.aspx?tabid=1499.

  • 7.

    [6] Mann D, Zipes D, Libby P, Bonow R. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of cardiovascular Medicine, Single Volume, 10th edition. Elsevier, sunders Co; 2014,.

  • 8.

    [7] Egan KJ, Knutson KL, Pereira AC, von Schantz M. The role of race and ethnicity in sleep, circadian rhythms and cardiovascular health. Sleep Med Rev 2017; 33: 70-78.

  • 9.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.05.004.

  • 10.

    PMid:27908540 PMCid:PMC6450543.

  • 11.

    [8] Cappuccio FP, Cooper D, D'Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 1484-1492.

  • 12.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr007.

  • 13.

    PMid:21300732.

  • 14.

    [9] Schiza SE, Mermigkis C. Sleep in acute coronary syndrome patients. Sleep Med 2010; 11: 805.

  • 15.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2010.04.001.

  • 16.

    [10] Cheraghbeigi N, Modarresi M, Rezaei M, Khatony A. Comparing the effects of massage and aromatherapy massage with lavender oil on sleep quality of cardiac patients: A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2019; 35: 253-258.

  • 17.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.03.005.

  • 18.

    PMid:31003666.

  • 19.

    [11] Zeraati F, Seyf Rabiei MA, Araghchian M, Sabouri T. Assessment of quality of sleep and use of drugs with sedating properties in adult patients hospitalized in Hamadan ekbatan hospital. Sci J Hamadan Univ Med Sci Health Serv 2010; 16: 31-36. (Persian).

  • 20.

    [12] Oshvandi K, Abdi S, Karampourian A, Moghimbaghi A, Homayounfar S. The effect of foot massage on quality of sleep in ischemic heart disease patients hospitalized in CCU. 2014. (Persian).

  • 21.

    [13] Fredriksson-Larsson U, Alsen P, Brink E. I've lost the person I used to be--experiences of the consequences of fatigue following myocardial infarction. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2013; 8: 20836.

  • 22.

    https://doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v8i0.20836.

  • 23.

    PMid:23769653 PMCid:PMC3683631.

  • 24.

    [14] Arab M, Mashayekhi F, Ranjbar H, Abazari F, Dortaj E. Comparing the effects of using Earplugs and eye masks on sleep quality of patients in coronary care unit (CCU). J Army Univ Med Sci 2013; 11: 143-149. (Persian).

  • 25.

    [15] Farrokhian R, Solimani MA, Sheikhi MR, Alipour M. Effect of foot reflexology massage on sleep Quality in hemodialysis patients: a randomized control trial. Sci J Hamadan Nurs Midwifery Facul 2016; 24: 213-220. (Persian).

  • 26.

    https://doi.org/10.21859/nmj-24041.

  • 27.

    [16] Gooneratne NS. Complementary and alternative medicine for sleep disturbances in older adults. Clin Geriatr Med 2008; 24: 121-138.

  • 28.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2007.08.002.

  • 29.

    PMid:18035236 PMCid:PMC2276624.

  • 30.

    [17] Nerbass FB, Feltrim MI, Souza SA, Ykeda DS, Lorenzi-Filho G. Effects of massage therapy on sleep quality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Clinics 2010; 65: 1105-1110.

  • 31.

    https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322010001100008.

  • 32.

    PMid:21243280 PMCid:PMC2999703.

  • 33.

    [18] Unruh M, Tamura MK, Larive B, Rastogi A, James S, Schiller B, et al. Impact of sleep quality on cardiovascular outcomes in hemodialysis patients: results from the frequent hemodialysis network study. Ame J Nephrol 2011; 33: 398-406.

  • 34.

    https://doi.org/10.1159/000326343.

  • 35.

    PMid:21474924 PMCid:PMC3080580.

  • 36.

    [19] Tarrasch R, Carmel-Neiderman NN, Ben-Ami S, Kaufman B, Pfeffer R, Ben-David M, Gamus D. The effect of reflexology on the pain-insomnia-fatigue disturbance cluster of breast cancer patients during adjuvant radiation therapy. J Altern Complement Med 2018; 24: 62-68.

  • 37.

    https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2017.0023.

  • 38.

    PMid:28440664.

  • 39.

    [20] Bagheri-Nesami M, Zargar N, Gholipour-Baradari A, Khalilian A. The effect of foot reflexology massage on pain and fatigue of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2012; 22: 52-62. (Persian).

  • 40.

    [21] Pourghazneyn T, Ghafari F. the effect of sole reflexology on severity of fatigue in pregnant women. Hayat 2007; 12: 5-11. (Persian).

  • 41.

    [22] Ahmadidarrehsima S, Mohammadpourhodki R, Ebrahimi H, Keramati M, Dianatinasab M. Effect of foot reflexology and slow stroke back massage on the severity of fatigue in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a semi-experimental study. J Complement Integr Med 2018; 15.

  • 42.

    https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2017-0183.

  • 43.

    PMid:30265652.

  • 44.

    [23] Nourmohammadi H, Motaghi M, Borji M, Tarjoman A, Soltany B. The effects of reflexology on fatigue severity of patients with cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20: 391.

  • 45.

    https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.2.391.

  • 46.

    PMid:30803197 PMCid:PMC6897012.

  • 47.

    [24] Miura N, Akitsuki Y, Sekiguchi A, Kawashima R. Activity in the primary somatosensory cortex induced by reflexological stimulation is unaffected by pseudo-information: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013; 13: 114.

  • 48.

    https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-114.

  • 49.

    PMid:23711332 PMCid:PMC3668141.

  • 50.

    [25] zdelikara A, Tan M. The effect of reflexology on the quality of life with breast cancer patients. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2017; 29: 122-129.

  • 51.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.09.004.

  • 52.

    PMid:29122249.

  • 53.

    [26] Babaee S, Shafiei Z, Sadeghi MM, Nik AY, Valiani M. Effectiveness of massage therapy on the mood of patients after open-heart surgery. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2012; 17: S120.

  • 54.

    [27] Jones J, Thomson P, Lauder W, Leslie SJ. Reported treatment strategies for reflexology in cardiac patients and inconsistencies in the location of the heart reflex point: an online survey. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2012; 18: 145-150.

  • 55.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2012.04.001.

  • 56.

    PMid:22789788.

  • 57.

    [28] Sayari S, Nobahar M, Gorbani R. Effect of foot reflexology massage on physiological indices in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Koomesh 2018; 20: 469-477. (Persian).

  • 58.

    [29] Rambod M, Pasyar N, Shamsadini M. The effect of foot reflexology on fatigue, pain, and sleep quality in lymphoma patients: A clinical trial. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2019; 43: 101678.

  • 59.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2019.101678.

  • 60.

    PMid:31669916.

  • 61.

    [30] Unal KS, Akpinar RB. The effect of foot reflexology and back massage on hemodialysis patients' fatigue and sleep quality. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2016; 24: 139-144.

  • 62.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.06.004.

  • 63.

    PMid:27502815.

  • 64.

    [31] Park H, Chun Y, Kwak S. The effects of aroma hand massage on fatigue and sleeping among hospice patients. 2016.

  • 65.

    https://doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2016.67054.

  • 66.

    [32] Kapila AK, Herd A, Knife N, Chaplin P, Patel A. A prospective cohort study on the impact of reflexology in patients with breast cancer using the MYCaW scale. Clin Breast Cancer 2019; 19: e319-e26.

  • 67.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2018.12.007.

  • 68.

    PMid:30691931.

  • 69.

    [33] Gunnarsdottir TJ, Jonsdottir H. Does the experimental design capture the effects of complementary therapy? A study using reflexology for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Clin Nurs 2007; 16: 777-785.

  • 70.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01634.x.

  • 71.

    PMid:17402960.

  • 72.

    [34] Bostani A, Khazaie H, Khamooshian K, Ghadami MR, Afshari D, Razazian N, Sariaslani P. The comparison of sleep disturbances between the subjects with headache and healthy subjects. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci 2015; 19: 269-277. (Persian).

  • 73.

    [35] Eckhardt AL, DeVon HA, Piano MR, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ. Fatigue in the presence of coronary heart disease. Nurs Res 2014; 63: 83.

  • 74.

    https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000019.

  • 75.

    PMid:24589645.

  • 76.

    [36] Silverman MN, Heim CM, Nater UM, Marques AH, Sternberg EM. Neuroendocrine and immune contributors to fatigue. PM R 2010; 2: 338-346.

  • 77.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.04.008.

  • 78.

    PMid:20656615 PMCid:PMC2933136.

  • 79.

    [37] Cramp F, Hewlett S, Almeida C, Kirwan JR, Choy EH, Chalder T, et al. Nonpharmacological interventions for fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013.

  • 80.

    https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008322.pub2.

  • 81.

    PMid:23975674.

  • 82.

    [38] Appels A, Mulder P. Excess fatigue as a precursor of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1988; 9: 758-764.

  • 83.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/9.7.758.

  • 84.

    PMid:3169045.

  • 85.

    [39] Khoshtarash M, Ghanbari A, Yeganeh MR, Kazemnejad E, Reza Soltani P. Effect of foot reflexology on pain and physiological parameters after cesarean section. Koomesh 2012; 14: 109-116. (Persian).

  • 86.

    [40] Bahrami T, Rejeh N, HeraviKarimooi M, Vaismoradi M, Tadrisi SD, Sieloff CL. Aromatherapy massage versus reflexology on female elderly with acute coronary syndrome. Nurs Crit Care 2018; 23: 229-236.

  • 87.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12302.

  • 88.

    PMid:28573820.

  • 89.

    [41] Hasanzadeh M, Alavi KNK, Ghalehbandi M, Yad EZ, Gharaei B, Sadeghikia A. Sleep quality in Iranian drivers recognized as responsible for severe road accidents. J Res Behav Sci 2008; 6: 97-107. (Persian).

  • 90.

    [42] Hossinabadi R, Norouzi K, Pouresmaeil Z, Karimlou M, Sadat MS. Acupoint massage in improving sleep quality of older adults. J Rehabilitation 2008; 9.

  • 91.

    [43] Li CY, Chen SC, Li CY, Gau ML, Huang CM. Randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of using foot reflexology to improve quality of sleep amongst Taiwanese postpartum women. Midwifery 2011; 27: 181-186.

  • 92.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2009.04.005.

  • 93.

    PMid:19577829.

  • 94.

    [44] Lee YM, Sohng KY. The effects of foot reflexology on fatigue and insomnia in patients suffering from coal workers' pneumoconiosis. J Korean Acad Nurs 2005; 35: 1221-8.

  • 95.

    https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.7.1221.

  • 96.

    PMid:16418548.

  • 97.

    [45] Ahearn EP. The use of visual analog scales in mood disorders: a critical review. J Psychiatr Res 1997; 31: 569-579.

  • 98.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3956(97)00029-0.

  • 99.

    [46] Dittner AJ, Wessely SC, Brown RG. The assessment of fatigue: a practical guide for clinicians and researchers. J Psychosom Res 2004; 56: 157-170.

  • 100.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00371-4.

  • 101.

    [47] Skye A. Reflexology Card Deck: 50 Reflex Points on the Feet That Relieve Pain Create Vitality, and Promote Healing. Gloucester, United States, Fair Winds Press; 2008.

  • 102.

    [48] Jane SW, Chen SL, Wilkie DJ, Lin YC, Foreman SW, Beaton RD, et al. Effects of massage on pain, mood status, relaxation, and sleep in Taiwanese patients with metastatic bone pain: a randomized clinical trial. Pain 2011; 152: 2432-2442.

  • 103.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2011.06.021.

  • 104.

    PMid:21802850.

  • 105.

    [49] Pollard L, Choy E, Gonzalez J, Khoshaba B, Scott D. Fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis reflects pain, not disease activity. Rheumatology 2006; 45: 885-889.

  • 106.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kel021.

  • 107.

    PMid:16449363.

  • 108.

    [50] Nobahar M, Bolhasani M, Fakhr- Movahedi, A, Ghorbani R. Effects of touch on agitation in patients under mechanical Ventilation. Koomesh 2014; 15: 325-333. (Persian).

  • 109.

    [51] https://omidfoot.com.

  • 110.

    [52] Lee J, Han M, Chung Y, Kim J, Choi J. Effects of foot reflexology on fatigue, sleep and pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Korean Acad Nurs 2011; 41: 821-833.

  • 111.

    https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.6.821.

  • 112.

    PMid:22310867.

  • 113.

    [53] Kim JO, Kim IS. Effects of aroma self-foot reflexology massage on stress and immune responses and fatigue in middle-aged women in rural areas. J Korean Acad Nurs 2012; 42.

  • 114.

    https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.5.709.

  • 115.

    PMid:23221660.

  • 116.

    [54] Song HJ, Son H, Seo HJ, Lee H, Choi SM, Lee S. Effect of self-administered foot reflexology for symptom management in healthy persons: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2015; 23: 79-89.

  • 117.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2014.11.005.

  • 118.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2014.11.002.

  • 119.

    [55] Lee YM. Effects of self-foot reflexology on stress, fatigue, skin temperature and immune response in female undergraduate students. J Korean Acad Nurs 2011; 41: 110-118.

  • 120.

    https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.1.110.

  • 121.

    PMid:21516005.

  • 122.

    [56] Metin ZG, Ozdemir L. The effects of aromatherapy massage and reflexology on pain and fatigue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pain Management Nurs 2016; 17: 140-149.

  • 123.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2016.01.004.

  • 124.

    PMid:27091583.

  • 125.

    [57] Crawford C, Boyd C, Paat CF, Price A, Xenakis L, Yang E, Zhang W. The impact of massage therapy on function in pain populations-A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: Part I, patients experiencing pain in the general population. Pain Medicine 2016; 17: 1353-1375.

  • 126.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnw099.

  • 127.

    PMid:27165971 PMCid:PMC4925170.

  • 128.

    [58] Ariamanesh F, Malekshahi F, Safari M. The effect of foot massage on night sleep quality in hemodialysis patients. 2015.

  • 129.

    [59] Ernst E. Is reflexology an effective intervention? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Med J Aust 2009; 191: 263-266.

  • 130.

    https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02780.x.

  • 131.

    PMid:19740047.

  • 132.

    [60] Mohammadpour A, Dehno Alian A, Mojtabavi SJ. The effect of foot reflexology massage on physiological parameters of patients with stroke. Nasim-Danesh 2013; 20: 50-57. (Persian).

  • 133.

    [61] Wilkinson IS, Prigmore S, Rayner CF. A randomised-controlled trail examining the effects of reflexology of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Complement Ther Clin Pract 2006; 12: 141-147.

  • 134.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2005.10.004.

  • 135.

    PMid:16648092.

  • 136.

    [1] World Health Organization. Cardiovascular disease. 2020; Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases/#tab=tab_1.

  • 137.

    [2] Ministry of Health & Treatment. The situation of cardiac deaths in Iran. 2018; Available from: https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/838094.

  • 138.

    [3] World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases. 2020; Available from: http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases/index.html.

  • 139.

    [4] World Health Organization. Regional office for the eastern mediterranean Islamic Republic of Iran health profile 2015.

  • 140.

    Eastern Mediterranean. 2015; Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/253768.

  • 141.

    [5] Civil Registration Organization. Demographic Statistics Yearbook 2018 / National Civil Registration Organization; Office of Population and Immigration Statistics and Information. Tehran; 2018. Https://www.https://www.sabteahval.ir/avej/default.aspx?tabid=1499.

  • 142.

    [6] Mann D, Zipes D, Libby P, Bonow R. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of cardiovascular Medicine, Single Volume, 10th edition. Elsevier, sunders Co; 2014,.

  • 143.

    [7] Egan KJ, Knutson KL, Pereira AC, von Schantz M. The role of race and ethnicity in sleep, circadian rhythms and cardiovascular health. Sleep Med Rev 2017; 33: 70-78.

  • 144.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.05.004.

  • 145.

    PMid:27908540 PMCid:PMC6450543.

  • 146.

    [8] Cappuccio FP, Cooper D, D'Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 1484-1492.

  • 147.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr007.

  • 148.

    PMid:21300732.

  • 149.

    [9] Schiza SE, Mermigkis C. Sleep in acute coronary syndrome patients. Sleep Med 2010; 11: 805.

  • 150.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2010.04.001.

  • 151.

    [10] Cheraghbeigi N, Modarresi M, Rezaei M, Khatony A. Comparing the effects of massage and aromatherapy massage with lavender oil on sleep quality of cardiac patients: A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2019; 35: 253-258.

  • 152.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.03.005.

  • 153.

    PMid:31003666.

  • 154.

    [11] Zeraati F, Seyf Rabiei MA, Araghchian M, Sabouri T. Assessment of quality of sleep and use of drugs with sedating properties in adult patients hospitalized in Hamadan ekbatan hospital. Sci J Hamadan Univ Med Sci Health Serv 2010; 16: 31-36. (Persian).

  • 155.

    [12] Oshvandi K, Abdi S, Karampourian A, Moghimbaghi A, Homayounfar S. The effect of foot massage on quality of sleep in ischemic heart disease patients hospitalized in CCU. 2014. (Persian).

  • 156.

    [13] Fredriksson-Larsson U, Alsen P, Brink E. I've lost the person I used to be--experiences of the consequences of fatigue following myocardial infarction. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2013; 8: 20836.

  • 157.

    https://doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v8i0.20836.

  • 158.

    PMid:23769653 PMCid:PMC3683631.

  • 159.

    [14] Arab M, Mashayekhi F, Ranjbar H, Abazari F, Dortaj E. Comparing the effects of using Earplugs and eye masks on sleep quality of patients in coronary care unit (CCU). J Army Univ Med Sci 2013; 11: 143-149. (Persian).

  • 160.

    [15] Farrokhian R, Solimani MA, Sheikhi MR, Alipour M. Effect of foot reflexology massage on sleep Quality in hemodialysis patients: a randomized control trial. Sci J Hamadan Nurs Midwifery Facul 2016; 24: 213-220. (Persian).

  • 161.

    https://doi.org/10.21859/nmj-24041.

  • 162.

    [16] Gooneratne NS. Complementary and alternative medicine for sleep disturbances in older adults. Clin Geriatr Med 2008; 24: 121-138.

  • 163.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2007.08.002.

  • 164.

    PMid:18035236 PMCid:PMC2276624.

  • 165.

    [17] Nerbass FB, Feltrim MI, Souza SA, Ykeda DS, Lorenzi-Filho G. Effects of massage therapy on sleep quality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Clinics 2010; 65: 1105-1110.

  • 166.

    https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322010001100008.

  • 167.

    PMid:21243280 PMCid:PMC2999703.

  • 168.

    [18] Unruh M, Tamura MK, Larive B, Rastogi A, James S, Schiller B, et al. Impact of sleep quality on cardiovascular outcomes in hemodialysis patients: results from the frequent hemodialysis network study. Ame J Nephrol 2011; 33: 398-406.

  • 169.

    https://doi.org/10.1159/000326343.

  • 170.

    PMid:21474924 PMCid:PMC3080580.

  • 171.

    [19] Tarrasch R, Carmel-Neiderman NN, Ben-Ami S, Kaufman B, Pfeffer R, Ben-David M, Gamus D. The effect of reflexology on the pain-insomnia-fatigue disturbance cluster of breast cancer patients during adjuvant radiation therapy. J Altern Complement Med 2018; 24: 62-68.

  • 172.

    https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2017.0023.

  • 173.

    PMid:28440664.

  • 174.

    [20] Bagheri-Nesami M, Zargar N, Gholipour-Baradari A, Khalilian A. The effect of foot reflexology massage on pain and fatigue of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2012; 22: 52-62. (Persian).

  • 175.

    [21] Pourghazneyn T, Ghafari F. the effect of sole reflexology on severity of fatigue in pregnant women. Hayat 2007; 12: 5-11. (Persian).

  • 176.

    [22] Ahmadidarrehsima S, Mohammadpourhodki R, Ebrahimi H, Keramati M, Dianatinasab M. Effect of foot reflexology and slow stroke back massage on the severity of fatigue in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a semi-experimental study. J Complement Integr Med 2018; 15.

  • 177.

    https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2017-0183.

  • 178.

    PMid:30265652.

  • 179.

    [23] Nourmohammadi H, Motaghi M, Borji M, Tarjoman A, Soltany B. The effects of reflexology on fatigue severity of patients with cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20: 391.

  • 180.

    https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.2.391.

  • 181.

    PMid:30803197 PMCid:PMC6897012.

  • 182.

    [24] Miura N, Akitsuki Y, Sekiguchi A, Kawashima R. Activity in the primary somatosensory cortex induced by reflexological stimulation is unaffected by pseudo-information: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013; 13: 114.

  • 183.

    https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-114.

  • 184.

    PMid:23711332 PMCid:PMC3668141.

  • 185.

    [25] zdelikara A, Tan M. The effect of reflexology on the quality of life with breast cancer patients. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2017; 29: 122-129.

  • 186.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.09.004.

  • 187.

    PMid:29122249.

  • 188.

    [26] Babaee S, Shafiei Z, Sadeghi MM, Nik AY, Valiani M. Effectiveness of massage therapy on the mood of patients after open-heart surgery. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2012; 17: S120.

  • 189.

    [27] Jones J, Thomson P, Lauder W, Leslie SJ. Reported treatment strategies for reflexology in cardiac patients and inconsistencies in the location of the heart reflex point: an online survey. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2012; 18: 145-150.

  • 190.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2012.04.001.

  • 191.

    PMid:22789788.

  • 192.

    [28] Sayari S, Nobahar M, Gorbani R. Effect of foot reflexology massage on physiological indices in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Koomesh 2018; 20: 469-477. (Persian).

  • 193.

    [29] Rambod M, Pasyar N, Shamsadini M. The effect of foot reflexology on fatigue, pain, and sleep quality in lymphoma patients: A clinical trial. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2019; 43: 101678.

  • 194.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2019.101678.

  • 195.

    PMid:31669916.

  • 196.

    [30] Unal KS, Akpinar RB. The effect of foot reflexology and back massage on hemodialysis patients' fatigue and sleep quality. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2016; 24: 139-144.

  • 197.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.06.004.

  • 198.

    PMid:27502815.

  • 199.

    [31] Park H, Chun Y, Kwak S. The effects of aroma hand massage on fatigue and sleeping among hospice patients. 2016.

  • 200.

    https://doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2016.67054.

  • 201.

    [32] Kapila AK, Herd A, Knife N, Chaplin P, Patel A. A prospective cohort study on the impact of reflexology in patients with breast cancer using the MYCaW scale. Clin Breast Cancer 2019; 19: e319-e26.

  • 202.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2018.12.007.

  • 203.

    PMid:30691931.

  • 204.

    [33] Gunnarsdottir TJ, Jonsdottir H. Does the experimental design capture the effects of complementary therapy? A study using reflexology for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Clin Nurs 2007; 16: 777-785.

  • 205.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01634.x.

  • 206.

    PMid:17402960.

  • 207.

    [34] Bostani A, Khazaie H, Khamooshian K, Ghadami MR, Afshari D, Razazian N, Sariaslani P. The comparison of sleep disturbances between the subjects with headache and healthy subjects. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci 2015; 19: 269-277. (Persian).

  • 208.

    [35] Eckhardt AL, DeVon HA, Piano MR, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ. Fatigue in the presence of coronary heart disease. Nurs Res 2014; 63: 83.

  • 209.

    https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000019.

  • 210.

    PMid:24589645.

  • 211.

    [36] Silverman MN, Heim CM, Nater UM, Marques AH, Sternberg EM. Neuroendocrine and immune contributors to fatigue. PM R 2010; 2: 338-346.

  • 212.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.04.008.

  • 213.

    PMid:20656615 PMCid:PMC2933136.

  • 214.

    [37] Cramp F, Hewlett S, Almeida C, Kirwan JR, Choy EH, Chalder T, et al. Nonpharmacological interventions for fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013.

  • 215.

    https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008322.pub2.

  • 216.

    PMid:23975674.

  • 217.

    [38] Appels A, Mulder P. Excess fatigue as a precursor of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1988; 9: 758-764.

  • 218.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/9.7.758.

  • 219.

    PMid:3169045.

  • 220.

    [39] Khoshtarash M, Ghanbari A, Yeganeh MR, Kazemnejad E, Reza Soltani P. Effect of foot reflexology on pain and physiological parameters after cesarean section. Koomesh 2012; 14: 109-116. (Persian).

  • 221.

    [40] Bahrami T, Rejeh N, HeraviKarimooi M, Vaismoradi M, Tadrisi SD, Sieloff CL. Aromatherapy massage versus reflexology on female elderly with acute coronary syndrome. Nurs Crit Care 2018; 23: 229-236.

  • 222.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12302.

  • 223.

    PMid:28573820.

  • 224.

    [41] Hasanzadeh M, Alavi KNK, Ghalehbandi M, Yad EZ, Gharaei B, Sadeghikia A. Sleep quality in Iranian drivers recognized as responsible for severe road accidents. J Res Behav Sci 2008; 6: 97-107. (Persian).

  • 225.

    [42] Hossinabadi R, Norouzi K, Pouresmaeil Z, Karimlou M, Sadat MS. Acupoint massage in improving sleep quality of older adults. J Rehabilitation 2008; 9.

  • 226.

    [43] Li CY, Chen SC, Li CY, Gau ML, Huang CM. Randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of using foot reflexology to improve quality of sleep amongst Taiwanese postpartum women. Midwifery 2011; 27: 181-186.

  • 227.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2009.04.005.

  • 228.

    PMid:19577829.

  • 229.

    [44] Lee YM, Sohng KY. The effects of foot reflexology on fatigue and insomnia in patients suffering from coal workers' pneumoconiosis. J Korean Acad Nurs 2005; 35: 1221-8.

  • 230.

    https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.7.1221.

  • 231.

    PMid:16418548.

  • 232.

    [45] Ahearn EP. The use of visual analog scales in mood disorders: a critical review. J Psychiatr Res 1997; 31: 569-579.

  • 233.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3956(97)00029-0.

  • 234.

    [46] Dittner AJ, Wessely SC, Brown RG. The assessment of fatigue: a practical guide for clinicians and researchers. J Psychosom Res 2004; 56: 157-170.

  • 235.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00371-4.

  • 236.

    [47] Skye A. Reflexology Card Deck: 50 Reflex Points on the Feet That Relieve Pain Create Vitality, and Promote Healing. Gloucester, United States, Fair Winds Press; 2008.

  • 237.

    [48] Jane SW, Chen SL, Wilkie DJ, Lin YC, Foreman SW, Beaton RD, et al. Effects of massage on pain, mood status, relaxation, and sleep in Taiwanese patients with metastatic bone pain: a randomized clinical trial. Pain 2011; 152: 2432-2442.

  • 238.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2011.06.021.

  • 239.

    PMid:21802850.

  • 240.

    [49] Pollard L, Choy E, Gonzalez J, Khoshaba B, Scott D. Fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis reflects pain, not disease activity. Rheumatology 2006; 45: 885-889.

  • 241.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kel021.

  • 242.

    PMid:16449363.

  • 243.

    [50] Nobahar M, Bolhasani M, Fakhr- Movahedi, A, Ghorbani R. Effects of touch on agitation in patients under mechanical Ventilation. Koomesh 2014; 15: 325-333. (Persian).

  • 244.

    [51] https://omidfoot.com.

  • 245.

    [52] Lee J, Han M, Chung Y, Kim J, Choi J. Effects of foot reflexology on fatigue, sleep and pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Korean Acad Nurs 2011; 41: 821-833.

  • 246.

    https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.6.821.

  • 247.

    PMid:22310867.

  • 248.

    [53] Kim JO, Kim IS. Effects of aroma self-foot reflexology massage on stress and immune responses and fatigue in middle-aged women in rural areas. J Korean Acad Nurs 2012; 42.

  • 249.

    https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.5.709.

  • 250.

    PMid:23221660.

  • 251.

    [54] Song HJ, Son H, Seo HJ, Lee H, Choi SM, Lee S. Effect of self-administered foot reflexology for symptom management in healthy persons: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2015; 23: 79-89.

  • 252.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2014.11.005.

  • 253.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2014.11.002.

  • 254.

    [55] Lee YM. Effects of self-foot reflexology on stress, fatigue, skin temperature and immune response in female undergraduate students. J Korean Acad Nurs 2011; 41: 110-118.

  • 255.

    https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.1.110.

  • 256.

    PMid:21516005.

  • 257.

    [56] Metin ZG, Ozdemir L. The effects of aromatherapy massage and reflexology on pain and fatigue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pain Management Nurs 2016; 17: 140-149.

  • 258.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2016.01.004.

  • 259.

    PMid:27091583.

  • 260.

    [57] Crawford C, Boyd C, Paat CF, Price A, Xenakis L, Yang E, Zhang W. The impact of massage therapy on function in pain populations-A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: Part I, patients experiencing pain in the general population. Pain Medicine 2016; 17: 1353-1375.

  • 261.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnw099.

  • 262.

    PMid:27165971 PMCid:PMC4925170.

  • 263.

    [58] Ariamanesh F, Malekshahi F, Safari M. The effect of foot massage on night sleep quality in hemodialysis patients. 2015.

  • 264.

    [59] Ernst E. Is reflexology an effective intervention? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Med J Aust 2009; 191: 263-266.

  • 265.

    https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02780.x.

  • 266.

    PMid:19740047.

  • 267.

    [60] Mohammadpour A, Dehno Alian A, Mojtabavi SJ. The effect of foot reflexology massage on physiological parameters of patients with stroke. Nasim-Danesh 2013; 20: 50-57. (Persian).

  • 268.

    [61] Wilkinson IS, Prigmore S, Rayner CF. A randomised-controlled trail examining the effects of reflexology of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Complement Ther Clin Pract 2006; 12: 141-147.

  • 269.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2005.10.004.

  • 270.

    PMid:16648092.