Abstract
Keywords
Probiotics Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Lactobacillus Clostridium Difficile پروبیوتیک پنومنی ناشی از ونتیلاتور لاکتوباسیلوس کلستریدیم دیفیسیل
References
-
1.
Rello J, Ollendorf DA, Oster G, Vera-Llonch M, Bellm L, Redman R, Kollef MH. VAP outcomes scientific advisory group. Epidemiology and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a large US database. Chest 2002; 122: 2115-2121.
-
2.
Cook DJ, Walter SD, Cook RJ, Griffith LE, Guyatt GH, Leasa D, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 433-440.
-
3.
American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171: 388-416.
-
4.
Ibrahim EH, Tracy L, Hill C, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. The occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a community hospital: risk factors and clinical outcomes. Chest 2001; 120: 555-561.
-
5.
Kollef MH. What is ventilator-associated pneumonia and why is it important? Respir Care 2005; 506: 714-721.
-
6.
Kollef MH, Shorr A, Tabak YP, Gupta V, Liu LZ, Johannes RS. Epidemiology and outcomes of healthcare-associated pneumonia: results from a large US database of culture-positive pneumonia. Chest 2005; 128: 3854-3862.
-
7.
Richards MJ, Edwards JR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States: National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 887-892.
-
8.
Kollef MH. Prevention of hospital-associated pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 1396-1405.
-
9.
Craven DE. Preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: sowing seeds of change. Chest 2006; 130: 251-260.
-
10.
Cook D. Ventilator associated pneumonia: perspectives on the burden of illness. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: S31-S37.
-
11.
Dodek P, Keenan S, Cook D, Heyland D, Jacka M, Hand L, et al. Canadian critical care trials Group. Canadian critical care society. evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 305-313.
-
12.
Tablan OC, Anderson LJ, Besser R, Bridges C, Hajjeh R. Guidelines for preventing health-care-associated pneumonia, 2003: recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. MMWR Recomm Rep 2004; 53: 1-36.
-
13.
Babcock HM, Zack JE, Garrison T, Trovillion E, Jones M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. An educational intervention to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia in an integrated health system: a comparison of effects. Chest 2004; 125: 2224-2231.
-
14.
Kollef MH, Afessa B, Anzueto A, Veremakis C, Kerr KM, Margolis BD, et al. NASCENT Investigation Group. Silver-coated endotracheal tubes and incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia: the NASCENT randomized trial. JAMA 2008; 300: 805-813.
-
15.
Morrow LE, Kollef MH, Casale TB. Probiotic prophylaxis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182: 1058-1064.
-
16.
Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food: report of a joint FAO/WHO working group on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food (accessed October 3, 2009) Available from: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/en/probiotic_guidelines.pdf.
-
17.
Ghosh S, van Heel D, Playford RJ. Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: it is all gut flora modulation? Gut 2004; 53: 620-622.##.
-
18.
McNaught CE, Woodcock NP, MacFie J, Mitchell CJ. A prospective randomized study of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 299V on indices of guy barrier function in elective surgical patients. Gut 2002; 51: 827-831.
-
19.
van der Kleij D, Latz E, Brouwers JF, Kruize YC, Schmitz M, Kurt-Jones EA, et al. A novel host-parasite lipid cross-talk: schistosomal lysto-phosphatidylserine activates toll-like receptor 2 and affects immune polarization. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 48122-48129.
-
20.
Chapat L, Chemin K, Dubois B, Bourdet-Sicard R, Kaiserlian D. Lactobacillus casei reduces CD8+ T cell-mediated skin inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34: 2520-2528.
-
21.
Isolauri E, Sutas Y, Kanaanpaa P, Arvilommi J, Salminen S. Probiotics: effects on immunity. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 444S-450S.
-
22.
Walker WA. Mechanisms of action of probiotics. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: S87-S91.
-
23.
Pitsouni E, Alexious V, Saridakis V, Peppas G, Falagas M. Does the use of probiotics/synbiotics prevent postoperative infections in patients undergoing abdominal surgery? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 65: 561-570.
-
24.
Knight DJ, Gardiner D, Banks A, Snape SE, Weston VC, Bengmark S, Girling KJ. Effect of synbiotic therapy on the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in critically ill patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 854-861.
-
25.
van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, Timmerman HM, van Minnen LP, Akkermans LM, Gooszen HG. Probiotics in surgery. Surgery 2008; 143: 1-7.
-
26.
Rayes N, Seehofer D, Theruvath T, Schiller RA, Langrehr JM, Jonas S, et al. Supply of pre- and probiotics reduces bacterial infection rates after liver transplantation: a randomized, double-blind trial. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 125-130.
-
27.
Falcao de Arruda IS, de Aguilar-Nascimenta JE. Benefits of early enteral nutrition with glutamine and probiotics in brain injury patients. Clin Sci 2004; 106: 287-292.
-
28.
Gluck U, Gebbers JO. Ingested probiotics reduce nasal colonization with pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and -hemolytic streptococci). Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 517-520.
-
29.
Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Ponka A, Meurman JH, Poussa T, Nase L, et al. Effect of long-term consumption of probiotic milk on infections in children attending day care centres: double blind, randomised trial. BMJ 2001; 322: 1327-1329.
-
30.
Brandtzaeg P. Humoral immune response patterns of human mucosae: induction and relation to bacterial respiratory tract infections. J Infect Dis 1992; 165: S167-S176.
-
31.
Knight DJ, Gardiner D, Banks A, Snape SE, Weston VC, Bengmark S, Girling KJ. Effect of synbiotic therapy on the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in critically ill patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2009; 35: 854-861.
-
32.
Knight DJ, Gardiner D, Banks A, Snape SE, Weston VC, Bengmark S, Girling KJ. Effect of synbiotic therapy on the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in critically ill patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 854-861.
-
33.
Forestier C, Guelon D, Cluytens V, Gillart T, Sirot J, De Champs C. Oral probiotic and prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled pilot study in intensive care unit patients. Crit Care 2008; 12: R69.
-
34.
Klarin B, Molin G, Jeppsson B, Larsson A. Use of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 299 to reduce pathogenic bacteria in the oropharynx of intubated patients: a randomised controlled open pilot study. Crit Care 2008; 12: R136.
-
35.
Spindler-Vesel A, Benkgmark S, Vovk I, Cerovic O, Kompan L. Synbiotics, prebiotics, glutamine, or peptide in early enteral nutrition: a randomized study in trauma patients. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2007; 31: 119-126.
-
36.
Kotzampassi K, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Voudouris A, Kazamanias P, Eleftheriadis E. Benefits of a synbiotic formula (Synbiotic 2000Forte) in critically ill trauma patients: early results of a randomized controlled trial. World J Surg 2006; 30: 1848-1855.
-
37.
Siempos II, Ntaidou TK, Falagas ME. Impact of the administration of probiotics on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: 954-962.
-
38.
Wang J, Liu KX, Ariani F, Tao LL, Zhang J, Qu JM. Probiotics for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of high-qualityrandomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2013; 8: e83934.
-
39.
Barraud D, Blard C, Hein F, Maron O, Cravoisy A, et al. Probiotics in the critically ill patient: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 1540-1547.
-
40.
Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Bengmark S, Kanellakopoulou K, Kotzampassi K. Pro- and synbiotics to control inflammation and infection in patients with multiple injuries. J Trauma 2009; 67: 815-821.
-
41.
The Editors of the Lancet. Expression of concern: probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 375: 875-876.##.