Toxoplasma Infection and Behavioral Changes: A Narrative Review

Fatemeh Parandin; Soudabeh Etemadi; Eissa Soleymani; Bahman Rahimi Esboei; Fariba Feizi; Hamed Noormohamadi; Sara Payami; Mohammad Zeinali; Azadeh Mizani

doi:10.5812/koomesh-151661

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https://doi.org/10.69107/koomesh-151661

Toxoplasma Infection and Behavioral Changes: A Narrative Review

Author(s):

Fatemeh Parandin

¹,

Soudabeh Etemadi

²,

Eissa Soleymani

³,

Bahman Rahimi Esboei

³,

Fariba Feizi

⁴,

Hamed Noormohamadi

⁵,

Sara Payami

⁶,

Mohammad Zeinali

⁷,

Azadeh Mizani

^8,*

1Department of Parasitology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

2Department of Laboratory Science, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran

3Department of Parasitology, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

4Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

5Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medical Sciences, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran

6Department of Emergency Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

7Ministry of Health and Senior Expert Diseases Control, Center of Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran

8Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran

Koomesh:Vol. 26, issue 6; e151661

Published online:Feb 24, 2025

Article type:Review Article

How to Cite:Parandin F, Etemadi S, Soleymani E, Rahimi Esboei B, Feizi F, et al. Toxoplasma Infection and Behavioral Changes: A Narrative Review.koomesh.2025;26(6):e151661.https://doi.org/10.69107/koomesh-151661.

Abstract

One of the most amazing elements in parasitology is the parasite's ability to change its host behavior to facilitate its transmission and reproduction. It is well documented that Toxoplasma gondii infection may lead to changes in host behavior, this parasite can remain in the central nervous system within neurons for a lifetime altering their function and structure by altering dopamine metabolism and preventing apoptosis. Thus leading to host-specific behavioral changes. The tendency of the parasite to neurons is astonishing. The neurons do not respond in any way to stimulation with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α-). They therefore may simply be the only cell in the brain that is unable to develop a proper anti-parasitic response. The Toxoplasma parasite manipulates the function of cells to increase their metastatic behavior, which is crucial for the spread of the parasite to distant organs, especially the brain. A strong increasing association has been shown between chronic Toxoplasma infections and the onset of behavioral changes and neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia Toxoplasmosis is associated with mental health disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, suicide attempts, or road rage, and other neuropsychiatric diseases. This paper investigated new findings on the importance of latent toxoplasmosis in changes in behavioral parameters, as well as its role in the causation of neuropsychiatric diseases.

Keywords

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii

Psychiatric Disorders

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Author(s):

Fatemeh Parandin:[PubMed][Scholar]
Soudabeh Etemadi:[PubMed][Scholar]
Eissa Soleymani:[PubMed][Scholar]
Bahman Rahimi Esboei:[PubMed][Scholar]
Fariba Feizi:[PubMed][Scholar]
Hamed Noormohamadi:[PubMed][Scholar]
Sara Payami:[PubMed][Scholar]
Mohammad Zeinali:[PubMed][Scholar]
Azadeh Mizani:[PubMed][Scholar]