Comparison of the effect of continuous and interval aerobic training on brachial artery diameter and endothelial function in a patient with coronary artery bypass grafting surgery

authors:

avatar naser heidari , * , avatar Majid Kashef , avatar alireza ramezani , avatar Khosrow Minavand , avatar Reza Gharakhanloo

Koomesh: Vol.24, issue 4; 504-509
article type: issue_documents_importer
received: April 01, 2021
accepted: November 02, 2021

how to cite: heidari N, Kashef M, ramezani A, Minavand K, Gharakhanloo R. Comparison of the effect of continuous and interval aerobic training on brachial artery diameter and endothelial function in a patient with coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. koomesh. 2024;24(4):e152759. 

Abstract

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary artery disease, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Accordingly, the present study aimed to compare the effects of continuous and interval aerobic training on brachial artery diameter and endothelial function in coronary artery bypass graft patients. Materials and Methods: The present study encompassed 30 male patients meeting the inclusion criteria, who were randomly assigned to three groups (namely continuous training, interval aerobic training, and control groups). The participants took the intervention for eight weeks (three sessions per week) according to the training program for each group. The continuous and interval aerobic groups observed the relevant protocols however, during the same period, the control group took part in no regular training program. Results: The results indicated that flow-induced dilation (FMD) significantly increased in the two training groups (namely the continuous training group (P=0.01) and the interval training group (P=0.002)) compared to the control group however, the difference was not significant (P=0.9). There was no significant difference among the three groups regarding the basal diameter of the brachial artery (P= 0.93). Comparing the secondary diameter of the brachial artery in the three groups indicated that the secondary diameter significantly increased in the two training groups (namely the continuous training group (P=0.044) and the interval training group (P=0.015)) compared to the control group however, the difference was not significant between the two training groups (P=0.99). Conclusion: The results showed that interval and continuous training caused positive changes in endothelial function and increased the secondary diameter of the brachial artery. Similar to continuous training, interval training can probably be used as a safe exercise in the cardiac rehabilitation programs developed for coronary artery bypass graft patients.

References

  • 1.

    Organization WH. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) (Fact Sheet No. 317). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2013.

  • 2.

    Airaksinen KE, Ikheimo MJ, Linnaluoto MK, Niemel M, Takkunen JT. Impaired vagal heart rate control in coronary artery disease. Heart 1987; 58: 592-597.https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.58.6.592PMid:3426895 PMCid:PMC1277310.

  • 3.

    Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Adams RJ, Berry JD, Brown TM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; 123: e18-e209.

  • 4.

    Verma S, Anderson TJ. Fundamentals of endothelial function for the clinical cardiologist. Circulation 2002; 105: 546-549.https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000016602.96363.36https://doi.org/10.1161/hc0502.104540PMid:11827916.

  • 5.

    Hoffmann J, Haendeler J, Aicher A, Rossig L, Vasa M, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Aging enhances the sensitivity of endothelial cells toward apoptotic stimuli: important role of nitric oxide. Circ Res 2001; 89: 709-715.https://doi.org/10.1161/hh2001.097796PMid:11597994.

  • 6.

    DignatGeorge F, Sampol J. Circulating endothelial cells in vascular disorders: new insights into an old concept. Eur J Haematol 2000; 65: 215-220.https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0609.2000.065004215.xPMid:11073162.

  • 7.

    Ross R. Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115-126.https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199901143400207PMid:9887164.

  • 8.

    Charakida M, Masi S, Lscher TF, Kastelein JJ, Deanfield JE. Assessment of atherosclerosis: the role of flow-mediated dilatation. Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 2854-2861.https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehq340PMid:20864485.

  • 9.

    Schachinger V, Britten MB, Zeiher AM. Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation 2000; 101: 1899-1906.https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.16.1899PMid:10779454.

  • 10.

    Tremblay JC, Pyke KE. Flow-mediated dilation stimulated by sustained increases in shear stress: a useful tool for assessing endothelial function in humans? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314: H508-H520.https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00534.2017PMid:29167121 PMCid:PMC5899264.

  • 11.

    Green DJ, Walsh JH, Maiorana A, Burke V, Taylor RR, O'Driscoll JG. Comparison of resistance and conduit vessel nitric oxide-mediated vascular function in vivo: effects of exercise training. J Appl Physiol 2004; 97: 749-755.https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00109.2004PMid:15090480.

  • 12.

    Durrer C, Robinson E, Wan Z, Martinez N, Hummel ML, Jenkins NT, et al. Differential impact of acute high-intensity exercise on circulating endothelial microparticles and insulin resistance between overweight/obese males and females. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0115860.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115860PMid:25710559 PMCid:PMC4339732.

  • 13.

    Currie KD, Dubberley JB, McKelvie RS, MacDonald MJ. Low-volume, high-intensity interval training in patients with CAD. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45: 1436-1442.https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31828bbbd4PMid:23470301.

  • 14.

    Pedralli ML, Marschner RA, Kollet DP, Neto SG, Eibel B, Tanaka H, Lehnen AM. Different exercise training modalities produce similar endothelial function improvements in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension: a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 1-9.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64365-xhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67586-2PMid:32581275 PMCid:PMC7314832.

  • 15.

    Vona M, Rossi A, Capodaglio P, Rizzo S, Servi P, De Marchi M, Cobelli F. Impact of physical training and detraining on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2004; 147: 1039-1046.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2003.12.023PMid:15199353.

  • 16.

    Arthur HM, Smith KM, Kodis J, McKelvie R. A controlled trial of hospital versus home-based exercise in cardiac patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 1544-1550.https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200210000-00003PMid:12370553.

  • 17.

    Guiraud T, Nigam A, Juneau M, Meyer P, Gayda M, Bosquet L. Acute responses to high-intensity intermittent exercise in CHD patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43: 211-217.https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ebc5dePMid:20543746.

  • 18.

    Naidu OA, Rajasekhar D, Latheef S. Assessment of endothelial function by brachial artery flow mediated dilatation in microvascular disease. Cardiovasc Ultra 2011; 9: 1-5.https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-7120-9-40PMid:22151947 PMCid:PMC3250931.

  • 19.

    Luk TH, Dai YL, Siu CW, Yiu KH, Chan HT, Lee SW, et al. Effect of exercise training on vascular endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 19: 830-839.https://doi.org/10.1177/1741826711415679PMid:21724681.

  • 20.

    Conraads VM, Pattyn N, De Maeyer C, Beckers PJ, Coeckelberghs E, Cornelissen VA, et al. Aerobic interval training and continuous training equally improve aerobic exercise capacity in patients with coronary artery disease: the SAINTEX-CAD study. Int J Cardiol 2015; 179: 203-210.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.155PMid:25464446.

  • 21.

    Kitta Y, Obata JE, Nakamura T, Hirano M, Kodama Y, Fujioka D, et al. Persistent impairment of endothelial vasomotor function has a negative impact on outcome in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 323-330.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.074PMid:19161880.

  • 22.

    Wislff U, Stylen A, Loennechen JP, Bruvold M, Rognmo , Haram PM, et al. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation 2007; 115: 3086-3094.https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675041PMid:17548726.

  • 23.

    Rakobowchuk M, Tanguay S, Burgomaster KA, Howarth KR, Gibala MJ, MacDonald MJ. Sprint interval and traditional endurance training induce similar improvements in peripheral arterial stiffness and flow-mediated dilation in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295: R236-242.https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00069.2008PMid:18434437 PMCid:PMC2494806.

  • 24.

    Cocks M, Shaw CS, Shepherd SO, Fisher JP, Ranasinghe A, Barker TA, Wagenmakers AJ. Sprint interval and moderateintensity continuous training have equal benefits on aerobic capacity, insulin sensitivity, muscle capillarisation and endothelial eNOS/NAD (P) Hoxidase protein ratio in obese men. J Physiol 2016; 594: 2307-2321.https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2014.285254PMid:25645978 PMCid:PMC4933110.