Whole-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: from fear to hope

How to Cite:Somayeh Shatizadeh MalekshahiAlireza Tahamtanvsalimi vsalimiWhole-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: from fear to hope.koomesh.24(5):e152766.

Abstract

Undoubtedly, vaccination can be one of the promising approaches to control infectious diseases such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Inactivated viral vaccines have a history of "vaccine-induced enhanced disease", which may occur when neutralizing antibodies bind to viral antigens without blocking or clearing the infection. This can cause additional inflammation through the mechanisms described for other respiratory pathogens and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Since the structure and function of SARS-CoV-2 glycoproteins are well known, vaccine manufacturers appear to be careful when inactivating the virus to completely inactivate and maintain the viral epitopes necessary for protective immune induction. It seems that caution should be taken in the usage of inactivated vaccines in children to ensure they are safe and efficacious, vaccinated children should be well monitored and any symptoms should be reported immediately.

Keywords

References

1.
Mirmohammadkhani M, Paknazar F, Rashidy-pour A. Evaluation of the epidemiological pattern of COVID -19 applying basic reproduction number: An educational review article. Koomesh 2020; 22: 373-379. (Persian).##https://doi.org/10.29252/koomesh.22.3.373.
2.
Teymoori-Rad M, Samadizadeh S, Tabarraei A, Moradi A, Bataghva Shahbaz M, Tahamtan A. Ten challenging questions about SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Exp Rev Respir Med 2020; 14: 881-888.##https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2020.1782197.
3.
Minor PD. Live attenuated vaccines: Historical successes and current challenges. Virology 2015; 479: 379-392.##https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.032.
4.
Wang N, Shang J, Jiang S, Du L. Subunit vaccines against emerging pathogenic human coronaviruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11: 298.##https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00298.
5.
Zhang C, Maruggi G, Shan H, Li J. Advances in mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10: 594.##https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00594.
6.
Sanders B, Koldijk M, Schuitemaker H. Inactivated viral vaccines. Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control. 2014; 45-80.##https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45024-6_2.
7.
Verma A, Singh A, editors. Animal biotechnology: models in discovery and translation; 2013. 2nd edition.
8.
Lee WS, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, DeKosky BJ. Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5: 1185-1191.##https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-00789-5.
9.
Chin J, Magoffin RL, Shearer LA, Schieble JH, Lennette EH. Field evaluation of a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine and a trivalent parainfluenza virus vaccine in a pediatric population. Am J Epidemiol 1969; 89: 449-463.##https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120957.
10.
Fulginiti V, Eller JJ, Sieber OF, Joyner JW, Minamitani M, Meiklejohn G. Respiratory virus immunization: A field trial of two inactivated respiratory virus vaccines; an aqueous trivalent paratnfluenza virus vaccine and an alum-precipitated Respiratory Syncytial Virus vaccine. Am J Epidemiol 1969; 89: 435-448.##https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120956.
11.
Kapikian AZ, Mitchell RH, Chanock RM, Shvedoff RA, Stewart CE. An epidemiologic study of altered clinical reactivity to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infection in children previously vaccinated with an inactivated RS virus vaccine. Am J Epidemiol 1969; 89: 405-421.##https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120954.
12.
Kim HW, Canchola JH, Brandt CD, Pyles G, Chanock RM, Jensen K, et al, Respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants despite prior administration of antigenic inactivated vaccine. Am J Epidemiol 1969; 89: 422-434.##https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120955.
13.
Fulginiti VA, JEller JJ, Downie AW, Kempe CH. Altered reactivity to measles virus: atypical measles in children previously immunized with inactivated measles virus vaccines. JAMA 1967; 202: 1075-1080.##https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1967.03130250057008.
14.
Gao Q, Bao L, Mao H, Wang L, Xu K, Yang M, et al, Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2. Science 2020; 369: 77-81.##https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc1932.
15.
Xia S, Duan K, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Zhang H, Xie Z, et al, Effect of an inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 on safety and immunogenicity outcomes: interim analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials. JAMA 2020; 324: 951-960.##https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.15543.
16.
Yadav PD, Ella R, Kumar S, Patil DR, Mohandas S, Shete AM, et al, Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, BBV152 in rhesus macaques. Nat Commun 2021; 12: 1386.##https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21639-w.
17.
Offit PA. The Cutter incident, 50 years later. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1411-1412.##https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp048180.

comments