Periodontal disease and some related factors in the Iranian population

authors:

avatar Maryam Nourelahi , avatar Somayeh kameli , * , avatar Faezeh Ghabel , avatar Hanie Mirkamali , avatar Elham Sahraniush , avatar Raheb Ghorbani ORCID

Koomesh: Vol.20, issue 4; 713-718
published online: March 01, 2018
article type: issue_documents_importer
received: February 01, 2017
accepted: December 01, 2017

how to cite: Nourelahi M, kameli S, Ghabel F, Mirkamali H, Sahraniush E, et al. Periodontal disease and some related factors in the Iranian population. koomesh. 2018;20(4):e153016. 

Abstract

Introduction: Periodontal disease is a common inflammatory condition that affects supporting tissues surrounding teeth. Periodontal disease is a multifactorial disease and several risk factors such as dental plaque, smoking and diabetes are involved in this disease. Since early diagnosis of periodontitis is important in preventing progression and minimizing complications, this study is designed to evaluate periodontal disease of patients attending Semnan University of medical sciences dental clinic, Semnan, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, 212 patients with the age of 20 to 60 years old attending Semnan University of medical sciences dental clinic were visited using a WHO probe after filling out the consent form. Community periodontal index (CPI) and simplified oral hygiene index (s-OHI) were calculated for all the participants. Then a questionnaire was given to collect some extra information. Results: From 212 patients who participated in the study, 0.9% (2 patients) had healthy gingiva, 12.7% (28 patients) had bleeding on probing, 48.1% (102 patients) had calculus and pockets≤4mm, 18.9% (40 patients) had 4-5mm pocket and 19.3% (41 patients) had pockets ≥6mm. Results showed a significant association between severe periodontitis and diabetes with an odds ratio of 2.38 (OR=2.38, 95%CI:1.11- 5.13, p = 0.026) and also between periodontitis and s-OHI values with an odds ratio of 2.25 (OR=2.25, 95%CI: 1.35-3.74, p = 0.002). Other variables were not significantly associated with the periodontitis. Conclusion: A high proportion of clients referred to the clinic had mild periodontitis and moderate oral hygiene. Poor oral hygiene and diabetes are both associated with the increased risk of developing periodontitis in Semnan. It is highly recommended to reinforce oral hygiene and oral health instruction in the society and more frequent dental visits especially about diabetic patients.

References

  • 1.

    Petersen PE. The world oral health report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century--the approach of the WHO global oral health programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003; 31: 3-23.

  • 2.

    Kameli S, Mehdipour A, Montazeri Hedeshi R, Nourelahi M. Evaluation of parental knowledge, attitudes and practices in preschool children on importance of primary teeth and some related factors among subjects attending Semnan University of Medical Sciences dental clinic. Koomesh 2017; 19: 191-198. (Persian).

  • 3.

    Lohana M, Suragimath G, Abbayya K, Varma S, Zope S, Kale V. A study to assess and correlate osteoporosis and periodontitis in selected population of maharashtra. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9: 46-50.

  • 4.

    Bral M. Antimicrobial agents in prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Dent Clin North Am 1988; 32: 217-241.

  • 5.

    Shen EC, Gau CH, Hsieh YD, Chang CY, Fu E. Periodontal status in post-menopausal osteoporosis: a preliminary clinical study in taiwanese women. J Chin Med Assoc 2004; 67: 389-393.

  • 6.

    Agarwal V, Khatri M, Singh G, Gupta G, Marya CM, Kumar V. Prevalence of periodontal diseases in India. JOHCD 2010; 4: 7-16.

  • 7.

    Brodeur J, Payette M, Benigeri M, Charbonneau A, Olivier M, Chabot D. Periodontal diseases among quebec adults aged 35 to 44 years. J Can Dent Assoc 2001; 67: 34-38.

  • 8.

    Peji A KD, Grigorov I, Stamenkovi B. Periodontitis and osteoporosis. Med Biol 2005; 12: 100-103.

  • 9.

    Torkzaban P, Abdolsamadi H, Jazaeri M, Asnaashari F. Relationship of body mass index with the severity of periodontitis. Koomesh 2013; 15: 118-124. (Persian).

  • 10.

    Chhina K. osteoporosis: a risk factor in periodontal disease. Indian Dent Sci 2010; 2: 32-35.

  • 11.

    wakai K, Kawamura T, Umemura O, Hara Y, Machida J, Anno T, et al. Association of medical status and physical fitness with periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 1999; 26: 664-672.

  • 12.

    Zadeh Modarres SH, Amooian B, Bayat Movahed S, Mohammadi M, Sheikholeslam L, Sheikholeslam F. Comparison of gingival health between mothers with preterm and term labor at Mahdieh hospital between 2001 and 2002. JDM 2007; 20: 53-58. (Persian).

  • 13.

    Sadeghi R, Rabiee M, Saderi H, Jafari M. The relationship between salivary bacterial flora and adverse pregnancy outcomes. TUMJ 2011; 69: 49-54. (Persian).

  • 14.

    Kazemnejad A, Zayeri F, Rokn AR, Kharazifard MJ. Prevalence and risk indicators of periodontal disease among highschool students in Tehran. East Mediterr Health J 2008; 14: 119-125.

  • 15.

    Dhingra K, Vandana KL. Indices for measuring periodontitis: a literature review. Int Dent J 2011; 61: 76-84.

  • 16.

    Greene JC, Vermellion JR. The oral hygiene index: a method for classifying oral hygeine status. JADA 1960; 61: 172-179.

  • 17.

    Van Dyke TE, Dave S. Risk factors for periodontitis. J Ant Acad Periodontol 2005; 7: 3-7.

  • 18.

    Nunn ME. Understanding the etiology of periodontitis: an overview of periodontal risk factors. Periodontol 2000 2003; 32: 11-23.

  • 19.

    Locker D, Leake JL. Risk indicators and risk markers for periodontal disease experience in older adults living independently in Ontario, Canada. J Dent Res 1993; 72: 9-17.

  • 20.

    Johnson N, Griffiths GS, Wilton JM, Maiden MF, Curtis MA, Gillett IR, et al. Detection of high risk groups and individuals for periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 1988; 15: 276-282.

  • 21.

    Beck JD, Lainson PA, Field HM, Hawkins BF. Risk factors for various levels of periodontal disease and treatment needs in Iowa. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1984; 12: 17-22.

  • 22.

    Petersen P, Ogawa H. Strengthening the prevention of periodontal disease: the WHO approach. J Periodontol 2005; 76: 2187-2193.

  • 23.

    Renvert S, Pesson RE, Presson GR. Tooth loss and periodontitis in older individuals: results from the swedish national study in aging and care. J Periodontol 2013; 84: 1134-1144.

  • 24.

    Grossi SG, Zambon JJ, Ho AW, Koch G, Dunford RG, Machtei EE, et al. Assessment of risk for periodontal disease. I. risk indicators for attachment loss. J Periodontol 1994; 65: 260-267.

  • 25.

    Burt B. Periodontitis and aging: review recent evidence. J ADA 1994; 125: 273-279.

  • 26.

    Frencken JE, Sithole WD, Mwaenga R, Htoon HM, Simon E. National oral health survey Zimbabwe 1995: periodontal conditions. Int Dent J 1999; 49: 10-14.

  • 27.

    Dye BA, Vargas CM. The use of a modified CPITN approach to estimate periodontal treatment needs among adults aged 20-79 years by socio-demographic characteristics in the United States, 1988-94. Community Dent Health 2002; 19: 215-223.

  • 28.

    Albandar JM, Streckfus CF, Adesanya MR, Winn DM. Cigar, pipe and cigarette smoking as risk factors for periodontal disease and tooth loss. J Periodontol 2000; 71: 2874-1881.

  • 29.

    Tomar SL, Asma S. smoking-attributable periodontitis in the united states; finding from NHANES III. national health and nutrition examination survey. J Periodontol 2000; 71: 743-751.

  • 30.

    Alexon P, Paulartder J, Lindhe J. Relationship between smoking and dental status in 35-, 50-, 65 and 75 year old individuals. J Clin Periodontol 1998; 25: 297-305.

  • 31.

    Geossi SG, Skrepcinski FB, DeCaro T, Robertson DC, Ho AW, Dunford RG, Genco RJ. Treatment of periodontal disease in diabetics reduces glycated hemoglobin. J Periodontol 1997; 68: 713-719.

  • 32.

    Van der Velden U, Varoufaki A, Hutter JW, Xu L, Timmerman MF, Van Winkelhoff AJ, Loos BG. Effect of smoking and periodontal treatment on the subgingival microflora. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30: 603-610.

  • 33.

    Bergstrm J, Bostrom L. Tobacco smoking and periodontal hemorrhagic responsiveness. J Clin Periodontol 2001; 28: 680-685.

  • 34.

    Mirbod SM, Ahing SI, Pruthi VK. Immunohistochemical study of vestibular gingival blood vessel density and internal circumference in smokers and non-smokers. J Periodontol 2001; 72: 1318-1323.

  • 35.

    Genco RJ. Current view of risk factors for periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1996; 67: 1041-1049.

  • 36.

    McMullen JA, Van Dyke TE, Horoszewicz HU, Genco RJ. Neutrophil chemotaxis in individuals with advanced periodontal disease and a genetic predisposition to diabetes mellitus. J Periodontol 1981; 52: 167-173.

  • 37.

    Newman MJ, Klockkevold PR, Carranza FA. Influence of systemic conditions. In: Perry R Klokkevold BLM, editor. Carranzas clinical periodontology. 15 ed. philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2015; p: 186-189.

  • 38.

    Hayden P, Buckley LA. Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease in an Irish population. J Periodontontal Res 1989; 24: 298-302.

  • 39.

    Grossi SG, Genco RJ. Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus: a two-way relationship. Ann Periodontol 1998; 3: 51-61.

  • 40.

    Kinane DF, Chestnutt IG. Relationship of diabetes to periodontitis. Curr Opin Periodontol 1997; 4: 29-34.

  • 41.

    Martins Chvarry NG, Vettore MV, Sansone C, Sheiham A. The relationship between diabetes mellitus and destructive periodontal disease: a meta-analysis. Oral Health Prev Dent 2009; 7: 107-127.

  • 42.

    Mealey BL, Ostes TW. Diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 2006; 77: 1289-1303.

  • 43.

    Centers for disease control and prevention: national diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States. In: Department of health and human servies cfdcap, editor. Atlanta, US 2011.

  • 44.

    Emrich LJ, Shlossman M, Genco RJ. Periodontal disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Periodontol 1991; 62: 123-131.##.