Prediction the severity of addiction based on the role of the demographic factors, history of childhood abuse, temperament dimension and emotional schemas

authors:

avatar Mohammad Bagher SaberiZafarghandi , avatar Hamid Khanipour , *

Koomesh: Vol.21, issue 1; 109-115
published online: March 02, 2019
article type: Research Article
received: December 02, 2017
accepted: September 02, 2018

how to cite: SaberiZafarghandi M B, Khanipour H. Prediction the severity of addiction based on the role of the demographic factors, history of childhood abuse, temperament dimension and emotional schemas. koomesh. 2019;21(1):e153045. 

Abstract

Introduction: The severity of addiction is one of the important indicators in the typology, etiology and treatment of drug users. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of demographic factors (age of onset of consumption, family history), history of anxiety and psychological factors (mood and emotional schemas) in predicting the severity of addiction. Materials and Methods: Using a correlation scheme, 325 people with substance use disorder were selected in an accessible manner.We used demographic checklist, trauma history questionnaire, temperament and character inventory and emotional schemas questionnaire for gathering data. Results: Addiction severity of individuals with a history of childhood abuse was higher than individuals without these kinds of experiences. Multiple regressions showed that simplistic view about emotion, novelty seeking and acceptance of emotions explained 30% variances of addiction severity.The association between novelty seeking and acceptance of emotions with addiction severity was negative, but the association between simplistic views about emotions and addiction severity was positive. Conclusion: History of childhood abuse increase severity of addiction. Novelty seeking as a distal factor has effective on the addiction severity. Simplistic view over emotions and problems in accepting emotions were proximal psychopathological mechanisms which contribute in relapse of addiction and could be targeted in treatment of individuals with substance use disorders.

References

  • 1.

    Babor TF, Hofmann M, DelBoca FK, Hesselbrock V, Meyer RE, Dolinsky ZS, Rounsaville B. Types of alcoholics: evidence for an empirically derived typology based on indicators of vulnerability and severity.Arch Gen Psychiatra 1992; 49: 599-608.

  • 2.

    Ball SA, Carroll KM, Babor TF, Rounsaville BJ. Subtypes of cocaine abusers: Support for a Type AType B distinction. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995; 63: 115-124.

  • 3.

    Hantouche EG, Lancrenon S. Modern typology of symptoms and obsessive-compulsive syndromes: results of a large French study of 615 patients. Encephale 1996; 22: 9-21.

  • 4.

    Ten Have M, Lamers F, Wardenaar K, Beekman A, de Jonge P, van Dorsselaer S, et al. The identification of symptom-based subtypes of depression: A nationally representative cohort study. J Affect Disord 2016; 190: 395-406.

  • 5.

    Cloninger CR. Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism.Science 1987; 236: 410-416.

  • 6.

    McLellan AT, Kushner H, Metzger D, Peters R, Smith I, Grissom G, et al. The fifth edition of the Addiction Severity Index.J Subst Abuse Treat 1992; 9: 199-213.

  • 7.

    Johnson, B, Cloninger R, Roach J, Bordnick P. Age of onset as a discriminator between alcoholic subtypes in a treatmentseeking outpatient population. Am J Addict 2000; 9: 17-27.

  • 8.

    Noorbakhsh S, Zeinodini Z, Khanjani Z, Poorsharifi H, Esfahani S. Personality disorders, narcotics, and stimulants; relationship in Iranian male substance dependents population. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2015; 17: 1-7.

  • 9.

    Coviello DM, Alterman AI, Cacciola JS, Rutherford MJ, Zanis DA. The role of family history in addiction severity and treatment response. J Subst Abuse Treat 2004; 26: 1-11.

  • 10.

    Rosen CS, Ouimette PC, Sheikh JI, Gregg JA, Moos RH. Physical and sexual abuse history and addiction treatment outcomes. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2002; 63:683-687.

  • 11.

    Meade CS, Kershaw TS, Hansen NB, Sikkema KJ. Long-term correlates of childhood abuse among adults with severe mental illness: adult victimization, substance abuse, and HIV sexual risk behavior. AIDS Behav 2009; 13:207-216.

  • 12.

    Markowitz SM, OCleirigh C, Hendriksen ES, Bullis JR, Stein M, Safren SA. Childhood sexual abuse and health risk behaviors in patients with HIV and a history of injection drug use. AIDS Behav 2011; 15: 1554-1560.

  • 13.

    Cloninger CR, Przybeck TR, Svrakic DM. The temperament and character inventory (TCI): a guide to its development and use. 1994.

  • 14.

    Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR.A psychobiological model of temperament and character.Arch Gen Psychiatr 1993; 50: 975-990.

  • 15.

    Starcevic V, Uhlenhuth EH, Fallon S, Pathak D. Personality dimensions in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. J Affect Disord 1996; 37: 75-79.

  • 16.

    Henderson MJ, Galen LW.A classification of substance-dependent men on temperament and severity variables. Addict Behav 2003; 28:741-760.

  • 17.

    Babor TF, Caetano R. Subtypes of substance dependence and abuse: implications for diagnostic classification and empirical research. Addiction 2006; 101:104-110.

  • 18.

    Le Bon O, Basiaux P, Streel E, Tecco J, Hanak C, Hansenne M, et al. Personality profile and drug of choice; a multivariate analysis using Cloningers TCI on heroin addicts, alcoholics, and a random population group. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 73: 175-182.

  • 19.

    Milivojevic D, Milovanovic SD, Jovanovic M, Svrakic DM, Svrakic NM, Svrakic SM, Cloninger CR. Temperament and character modify risk of drug addiction and influence choice of drugs. Am J Addict 2012; 21: 462-467.

  • 20.

    Zoccali R, Muscatello MR, Bruno A, Bilardi F, De Stefano C, Felletti E, et. al. Temperament and character dimensions in opiate addicts: Comparing subjects who completed inpatient treatment in therapeutic communities vs. incompleters. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2007; 33:707-715.

  • 21.

    Leahy RL. A model of emotional schemas. Cogn Behav Pract 2002; 9: 177-190.

  • 22.

    Leahy RL. Emotional schemas and resistance to change in anxiety disorders. Cogn Behav Pract 2007; 14: 36-45.

  • 23.

    Fox HC, Axelrod SR, Paliwal P, Sleeper J, Sinha R. Difficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control during cocaine abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 89: 298-301.

  • 24.

    Gratz KL, Tull MT. The relationship between emotion dysregulation and deliberate self-harm among inpatients with substance use disorders. Cognit Ther Res 2010; 34:544-553.

  • 25.

    Hooper LM, Stockton P, Krupnick JL, Green BL. Development, use, and psychometric properties of the Trauma History Questionnaire. J Loss Trauma 2011; 16: 258-283.

  • 26.

    Kavyani H, Pournaseh M. Psychometric properties of cloninger temperament and character inventory. Tehran Med Univ J 2005; 15:89-98. (Persian).

  • 27.

    Khanzadeh M, Edrisi F, Mohammadkhani S, Saedian M. Factor structure and psychometric properties of emotional schemas among university students. J Clin Psychol 2012; 11: 91-116. (Persian).

  • 28.

    Dom G, Dhaene P, Hulstijn W, Sabbe BG. Impulsivity in abstinent earlyand lateonset alcoholics: differences in selfreport measures and a discounting task. Addiction 2006; 101: 50-59.

  • 29.

    Zanarini MC, Williams AA, Lewis RE, Reich RB. Reported pathological childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1101-1106.

  • 30.

    Breslau N, Koenen KC, Luo Z, Agnew-Blais J, Swanson S, Houts RM, et al. Childhood maltreatment, juvenile disorders and adult post-traumatic Childhood maltreatment, juvenile disorders and adult posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective investigation. Psychol Med 2014; 44:1937-1945.

  • 31.

    Lindert J, von Ehrenstein OS, Grashow R, Gal G, Braehler E, Weisskopf MG. Sexual and physical abuse in childhood is associated with depression and anxiety over the life course: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Public Health Res 2014; 59:359-372.

  • 32.

    Powers A, Etkin A, Gyurak A, Bradley B, Jovanovic T. Associations between childhood abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and implicit emotion regulation deficits: evidence from a low-income, inner-city population. Psychiatry 2015; 78: 251-264.

  • 33.

    Paolucci EO, Genuis ML, Violato C, A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse. J Psychol 2001; 135: 17-36.

  • 34.

    Lukasiewicz M, Neveu X, Blecha L, Falissard B, Reynaud M, Gasquet I. Pathways to substance-related disorder: a structural model approach exploring the influence of temperament, character, and childhood adversity in a national cohort of prisoners. Alcohol Alcohol 2008; 43: 287-295.

  • 35.

    Cardoso JN, Barbosa A, Ismail F, Pombo S. Neter alcoholic typology (nat). Alcohol Alcohol 2006; 41:133-139.

  • 36.

    Wills TA, Multiple networks and substance use. J Soc Clin Psychol 1990; 9:78-90.

  • 37.

    Hawkins JD, Catalano RF, Miller JY. Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychol Bull 1992; 112: 64-105.

  • 38.

    Fajani S, Janghorbani M, Khosravi A. Prevalence of substance abuse and its association wi cigarette smoking in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences students in 2013. Koomesh 2015; 16: 544-554. (Persian).

  • 39.

    Moeini B, Hazavehei SM, Shahrabadi R, Faradmal J, Dashti S. Role of stress in treatment readiness of drug dependence based on health belief model. Koomesh 2015; 16:185-192. (Persian).

  • 40.

    Mischel W, Personality and Assessment. New York: Wiley, 1968.

  • 41.

    Banifield David, Psychodynamic theory for therapist. New York: Wiley, 2010.