Concentration of nitrate, nitrite and fluoride in drinking water and bottled water in Semnan city

authors:

avatar Ahmad Heidariyeh , avatar Safiyeh Ghobakhloo , avatar Anna Abdolshahi ORCID , * , avatar Leila Monjazeb Marvdashti , avatar Mohammad Kazem Zeinali , avatar Sepideh Ashhad


how to cite: Heidariyeh A, Ghobakhloo S, Abdolshahi A, Monjazeb Marvdashti L, Zeinali M K, et al. Concentration of nitrate, nitrite and fluoride in drinking water and bottled water in Semnan city. koomesh. 2019;21(2):e153082. 

Abstract

Introduction: The safety of drinking water is one of the critical indexes concerning to health and hygiene of a society. Monitoring and controlling qualitative indices of water is of great importance. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the quality of bottled water and urban drinking water in Semnan city with regard to the concentration of pollutant ions of nitrite and nitrate as well as the concentration of fluoride which possesses nutritional value and compare them with the Standards of Iran and the world. Materials and Methods: This research was performed in 30 samples of drinking water and 150 samples of bottled water (with 15 different brand names) collected from Semnan, Iran. The concentration of nitrite, nitrate and fluoride ions were measured using Ion chromatography. Results: The results indicated that the volume of nitrite was 0 mg/ml in all the examined samples and the average content of nitrate was 1.316 to 11.75 mg/ml in bottled water and 7.27 mg/ml in drinking water. Moreover, the average content of fluoride was 0.214 and 0.254 mg/ml in bottled water and drink water respectively. Conclusion: The content of nitrate and nitrite ions was in accordance with the standards of Iran and the world. However, the higher content of nitrate in four brands of bottled water compared to the samples of drinking water could be an alarm for contamination of bottled water. The content of fluoride ion is lower than allowed maximum and minimum. Due to the lower content of fluoride than that of allowable minimum (0.5 mg/ml) and regarding the significance of fluoride in dental diseases, this issue must be seriously considered in water fortification programs.  

References

  • 1.

    Howd RA. Can we protect everybody from drinking water contaminants? Int J Toxicol 2002; 21: 389-395.

  • 2.

    Kumar M, Puri A. A review of permissible limits of drinking water. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2012; 16: 40-44.

  • 3.

    Oki T, Kanae S. Global hydrological cycles and world water resources. Science 2006; 313: 1068-1072.

  • 4.

    Doria MF. Bottled water versus tap water: understanding consumers' preferences. J Water Health 2006; 4: 271-276.

  • 5.

    Wilk R. Bottled water: the pure commodity in the age of branding. J Consumer Culture 2006; 6: 303-325.

  • 6.

    Gleick P, Editor. Bottled & Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water. Washington, DC: Island Press; 2010.

  • 7.

    ISIRI, Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. Natural Mineral Water Features. No2441, Iran; 2006.

  • 8.

    Gibson RS, Vanderkooy PS, McLennan CE, Mercer NM. Contribution of tap water to mineral intakes of Canadian preschool children. Arch Environ Health 1987; 42: 165-169.

  • 9.

    WHO, World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: recommendations. Vol. 1; 2004.

  • 10.

    Loloei M, Zolala F. Survey on the quality of mineral bottled waters in Kerman city in 2009. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2011; 10:18392.

  • 11.

    Almasri MN, Kaluarachchi JJ. Assessment and management of long-term nitrate pollution of ground water in agriculture-dominated watersheds. J Hydrology 2004; 295: 225-245. (Persian).

  • 12.

    Lee YW, Dahab MF, Bogardi I. Nitrate risk management under uncertainty. J Water Resource Plan Manag 1992; 118: 151-165.

  • 13.

    Addiscott TM, Whitmore AP, Powlson DS, Editors. Farming, fertilizers and the nitrate problem. Harpenden, UK: CAB International; 1991.

  • 14.

    Wolfe AH, Patz A. Reactive nitrogen and human health: acute and long-term implications. Ambio 2002; 31: 120-125.

  • 15.

    Edition F. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO Chronicle 2011; 38: 104-108.

  • 16.

    Dobaradaran S, Mahvi A Hossein, Dehdashti S , Ranjbar Vakil Abadi D. Drinking water fluoride and child dental caries in Dashtestan, Iran. Fluoride 2008; 41: 220-226.

  • 17.

    Mahvi A, Zazoli M, Younecian M, Nicpour B, Babapour A. "Survey of fluoride concentration in drinking water sources and prevalence of DMFT in the 12 years old students in Behshar City." J Med Sci 2006; 6: 658-661.

  • 18.

    Smith GE. Fluoride and bone: an unusual hypothesis. Xenobiotica 1985; 15: 177-186.

  • 19.

    Bagramian RA, Garcia-Godoy F, Volpe AR. The global increase in dental caries. A pending public health crisis. Am J Dent 2009; 22: 3-8.

  • 20.

    Hamissi J, Hamissi H. Prevalence of dental caries among elementary school attendees in Iran. East Afr J Public Health 2010; 7: 338-341.

  • 21.

    Cypriano S, de Sousa Mda L, Wada RS. Evaluation of simplified DMFT indices in epidemiological surveys of dental caries. Rev Saude Publica 2005; 39: 285-292.

  • 22.

    Clovis J, Hargreaves JA. Fluoride intake from beverage consumption. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1988; 16: 11-15.

  • 23.

    Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st centurythe approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003; 31: 3-24.

  • 24.

    Organization WH. Fluorides and oral health: report of a WHO expert committee on oral health status and fluoride use. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1994; 846: 1-37.

  • 25.

    Loloei M, Zolala F. Survey on the quality of mineral bottled waters in Kerman city in 2009. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2001; 10: 183-192 (Persian).

  • 26.

    Mohammadi AA, Amouei A, Koshki Z, Asgharnia HA, Fallah SH, Tabarinia H. Nitrate and nitrite in available bottled water in Babol (Mazandaran; Iran) in summer 2010. J Babol Univ Med Sci 2012; 14. (Persian).

  • 27.

    Rahimzadeh M. Survey on the chemical quality of mineral bottled waters in Bandar Abbas. 2014. Food Res Center (Persian).

  • 28.

    Forouzan Sh, Khalil Bani Habib I, Rahimi Rad A, Motamedian N, Mohammadi D, Yeganeh S. Study of heavy metals, nitrite, nitrate and microbial properties of mineral waters in markets of West Azerbaijan. 18th. Cong Food Sci Technol 2008. (Persian).

  • 29.

    Eslami A, Ghadimi M. Study of five years' nitrite and nitrate content trends of Zanjan groundwater resources using GIS from 2006 to 2010. J Health Field 2013. (Persian).

  • 30.

    Yousefi Z, Naeej O. Study on nitrate value in rural area in Amol city. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2007; 17: 161-165 (Persian).

  • 31.

    Zazouli MA, Alam Gholilou M. Survey of chemical quality (nitrate, flouride, hardness, electrical conductivity) of driking water in Khoy city. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2013; 22: 80-84 (Persian).

  • 32.

    Yousefi Z, BarafrashtehPour M, Taghavi M, MashayekhSalehi A, Sedaghat F. Survey on Temporal and spatial variation of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water of Gach saran by using Geographic Information System (GIS). J Mazand Univ Med Sci 2013; 23: 158-162 (Persian).

  • 33.

    Pyrsahb M. Et al. Review the quality indicators of drinking water packaged in bottles using countries for 2005, Ninth National Conference on Environmental Health of Iran, Isfahan, Persian date Aban 2006; 16-18. (Persian).

  • 34.

    Khodadi M, Odi GH, Dory H, Azizi M. Study on biological and chemical of mineral waters bottled and released in the city of Birjand. Tenth Nat Conf Environ Health Univ Med Sci 2007; 60-66 (Persian).

  • 35.

    Zand Vakili F, Dochecheshmeh M, Daneshmand Irani K. Chemical and microbiological quality of bottled mineral waters Iran. eighth. Nat Conf Environ Health Tehran Univ Med Sci 2005; 17-19 (Persian).

  • 36.

    Ahmadi Z, Entezari S, Nabahani N. The nitrate concentration of drinking water distribution network Ghaemshahr city. First Int Conf Environ Engin 2014. (Persian).

  • 37.

    Nicravesh SH, Mehdinia M. Determination of pollution of distribution network of Damghan city to nitrate in the spring of 2001. (Persian).

  • 38.

    Khalili J, Mahdi Nezhad M, Shahriri A, Mirbagheri A, Khezri M, Albasi S. Investigating the relationship between nitrate, nitrite and TOC in supply sources and drinking water distribution networks of urban areas. 2013. (Persian).

  • 39.

    Kamyab N, Hosseini S, Mobini M. Study of fluoride in drinking water in rural areas of Rafsanjan in spring and summer of 1394. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2016; 15. (Persian).

  • 40.

    Dehghani M, Kami Manesh M, Shamsodini N, Shahsavani S. Evaluation of microbial and chemical quality of bottled water in Fars province. First Nat Water Pack Confer (Persian).

  • 41.

    Shahriari T, Azizi M, Sharifzadeh Gh R, Hajiani M, Zeraatkar V, Aliabadi R. Evaluation of fluorine concentration in drinking-water sources in South Khorasan (2008 2009). J Birjand Univ Med Sci 17 (Persian).

  • 42.

    Ramezani GH, Valaei N, Eikani H. Prevalence of DMFT and fluorosis in the students of Dayer city (Iran). J Indian Soc pedo Prev Dent 2004; 22: 49-53 (Persian).

  • 43.

    Bazrafshan E, Kamani H, Kord Mostafapour F, Mahvi AH. Determination of the decayed, missing, filled teeth index in Iranian students: a case study of Zahedan city. J Health Scope 2012; 1: 84-88.

  • 44.

    Gler C, Alpaslan M. Mineral content of 70 bottled water brands sold on the Turkish market: assessment of their compliance with current regulations. J Food Compos Analys 2009; 22: 728-737.