A comparative study on the effects of wheat germ extract and flexibility exercises on primary dysmenorrhea in non-athlete female students: A randomized clinical trial

authors:

avatar MIRZAYIKARIZAKY MIRZAYIKARIZAKY , avatar Alli Younesian , avatar Shahrbanoo Goli ORCID , avatar Nahid Bolbol Haghighi ORCID , *

Koomesh: Vol.23, issue 4; 540-548
published online: August 02, 2021
article type: Research Article
received: January 01, 2020
accepted: March 02, 2021

how to cite: MIRZAYIKARIZAKY M, Younesian A, Goli S, Bolbol Haghighi N. A comparative study on the effects of wheat germ extract and flexibility exercises on primary dysmenorrhea in non-athlete female students: A randomized clinical trial. koomesh. 2021;23(4):e153284. 

Abstract

Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea is usually one of the most common complaints of women in childbearing age that affects their quality of life and their social activity. Various methods have been mentioned to control and treat dysmenorrhea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the wheat germ extract intake and flexibility exercises on primary dysmenorrhea in non-athlete female students.   Materials and Methods: This study is a randomized clinical trial in four groups including intervention groups (wheat germ, flexibility exercises, flexibility exercises with wheat germ) and control group with participating of 80 non-athlete female students from Shahrood University of Technology (shahrood, Iran). The training group participated in an 8-week flexibility- training program including abdominal, back, thigh and hamstring muscles stretching. They performed eight exercise four days a week for 8 weeks and each exercise included three repetitions lasting for 10 seconds. The wheat germ group consumed two 500 mg capsules of wheat germ daily from day 16 of the menstrual cycle until 5 days after the onset of menstruation for two consecutive months. The exercise group participated in both the flexibility exercise program and received a wheat germ supplement. While there was no intervention in the control group, they completed the menstrual disorders questionnaire only at the beginning and end of the work. Results: : Significant decrease was foynd in the mean systemic symptoms of  primary dysmenorrhea in the wheat germ group from 16.10 to 8.55, in the exercise group from 14.20 to 7.55 and  in the exercise group with wheat germ from 14.7 to 8.40. Pain intensity dysmenorrhea was decreased in the wheat germ group from 2.60 to 1.65, from 2.35 to 1.40 in the exercise group, and from from 2.45 to 1.50 after in the combind group. The severity of primary systemic symptoms and VAS for pain decreased in all intervention groups as compred with before intervention condition except the control group (p

References

  • 1.

    Saadatabadi FS, Bambaichi E, Esfarjani F. Effect of six weeks flexibility training on dysmenorrhea. J Isfahan Med Sch 2010; 28. (Persian).

  • 2.

    Shavandi N, Taghian F, Soltani V. The effect of isometric exercise on primary dismenorrhea. J Arak Univ Med Sci 2010; 13: 71-77. (Persian).

  • 3.

    Calis KA, Erogul M, Popat V, Kalanntaridou SN. Dysmenorhea. Available from 2016; URL: http//emedicine.medscap.com/article/253812-overview.

  • 4.

    Koohestani Z, Koushkie Jahromi M, Nemati J. Effect of core stability exercises on primary dysmenorrhea and muscular fitness indices in teenage girls. J Paramed Sci Rehab 2020; 9: 100-110. (Persian).

  • 5.

    Reyhani T, Jafarnejad F, Behnam H, Ajam M, Baghaei M. The effect of brisk walking on primary dysmenorrhea in girl students. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infert 2013; 16: 14-19. (Persian).

  • 6.

    Shahrjerdi S, Hosaini S. The effect of 8 weeks stretching exercise on primary dysmenorrhea in 15-17 aged high school student girls in Arak. J Shahrekord Uuniv Med Sci 2010; 11. (Persian).

  • 7.

    Rahimi N, Bambaiechi E, Reisi J. Comparison the effect of eight weeks high intensity interval and moderate continuous trainings on pain reductionand and blood levels of IL6 and TNF- in woman with primary dysmenorrhea. Res Med 2017; 41: 258-268.

  • 8.

    Jenabi E, Ebrahimzadeh S. Chamomile tea for relief of primary dysmenorrhea. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infert 2010; 13: 39-42. (Persian).

  • 9.

    Delaram M, Forouzandeh N. The effect of Fennel on the primary dysmenorrhea in students of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Jundishapur Sci Med J 2011; 10. (Persian).

  • 10.

    Tabari NS, Kheirkhah M, Mojab F, Salehi M. An investigation of the effect of curcumin (Turmeric) capsule on the severity and duration of dysmenorrhea in students of Iran university of medical sciences. J Evolut Med Dent Sci 2020; 9: 3445-3452. (Persian). https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2020/755.

  • 11.

    Pawowski B. Prevalence of menstrual pain in relation to the reproductive life history of women from the Mayan rural community. Annal Human Biol 2004; 31: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460310001602072 PMid:14742161.

  • 12.

    Warren M, Rebecca JL. What is the effect of exercise on primary dysmenorrheal? Products and prostaglandins as a root of menstruation. Br J Sports Med 1999; 33: 227.

  • 13.

    Safavi Naeini K. The comparison between aerobic and physical exercises effects on PMS of women in Shiraz. Med Sci J Islamic Azad Univ Tehran Med Branch 2008; 18: 177-180. (Persian).

  • 14.

    Sarhadi S, Ramezani A, Gholami M, Taheri H. The effect of an aerobic training cycle in the morning and evening on primary dysmenorrhea and some physiological variables in matured girls. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infert 2015; 18: 11-20. (Persian).

  • 15.

    Ataollahi M, Akbari SA, Mojab F, Majd HA. The effect of wheat germ extract on premenstrual syndrome symptoms. Iran J Pharmace Res 2015; 14: 159. (Persian).

  • 16.

    Atallahi M, Amiraliakbari S, Mojab F, Alavi Majd H. Effects of wheat germ extract on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea; a randomized triple blind controlled trial. J Islamic Iran Tradit Med 2014; 5: 212-217. (Persian). https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.19503 PMid:25389490 PMCid:PMC4222016.

  • 17.

    Nagata C, Nakamura K, Oba Sh, Hayashi M, Takeda N, Yasuda K. Association of intakes of fat, dietary fibre, soya isoflavones and alcohol with uterine fibroids in Japanese women. Br J Nutr 2009; 101: 1427-1431. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508083566 PMid:19459228.

  • 18.

    Nahid K, Fariborz M, Ataolah G, Solokian S. The effect of an Iranian herbal drug on primary dysmenorrhea: a clinical controlled trial. J Midwifery Womens Health 2009; 54: 401-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmwh.2008.12.006 PMid:19720342.

  • 19.

    Lasco A, Catalano A, Benvenga S. Improvement of primary dysmenorrhea caused by a single oral dose of vitamin D: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Int Med 2012; 172: 366-367. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.715 PMid:22371927.

  • 20.

    Castaman G, Goodeve A, Eikenboom J. Principles of care for the diagnosis and treatment of von Willebrand disease. Haematologica 2013; 98: 667-674. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2012.077263 PMid:23633542 PMCid:PMC3640108.

  • 21.

    Chao A, Chao A, Wang TH, Chang YC, Peng HH, Chang SD, et al. Pain relief by applying transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on acupuncture points during the first stage of labor: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Pain 2007; 127: 214-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.016 PMid:17030438.

  • 22.

    Mrtensson L, Wallin G. Use of acupuncture and sterile water injection for labor pain: a survey in Sweden. Birth 2006; 33: 289-296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-536X.2006.00121.x PMid:17150067.

  • 23.

    Siahpour T, Nikbakht M, Rahimi E, Rabiee MA. The Effect of 8 weeks aerobic exercise and yoga on primary dismenorrhea. Armaghane Danesh 2013; 18: 475-483. (Persian).

  • 24.

    Motesharee E, Rahimi E, Asadi N, Jafari M, Mehbodi M. Effects of Flexibility Exercise and Supplement Vitamin B6 on Primary Dysmenorrhea in Female Non-Athletes. Armaghane Danesh 2013; 18: 509-519. (Persian).

  • 25.

    Bullen BA, Skrinar GS, Beitins IZ, Carr DB, Reppert SM, Dotson CO, et al. Endurance training effects on plasma hormonal responsiveness and sex hormone excretion. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1984; 56: 1453-1463. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1984.56.6.1453 PMid:6735803.

  • 26.

    Izzo A, Labriola D. Dysmenorrhoea and sports activities in adolescents. Dysmenorrhoea and sports activities in adolescents 1991; 18: 109.

  • 27.

    Abbaspour Z, Rostami M, Najjar S. The effect of exercise on primary dysmenorrhea. J Res Health Sci 2006; 6: 26-31.##https://doi.org/10.1016/S1550-8579(06)80151-8.

  • 28.

    Ramezanpour MR, Kargozar M. The effect of Pilates training on the severity and duration of dysmenorrheal pain and duration of bleeding in young girls. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infert 2018; 21: 1-8. (Persian).

  • 29.

    Israel RG, Sutton M, O'Brien KF. Effects of aerobic training on primary dysmenorrhea symptomatology in college females. J Am College Health 1985; 33: 241-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.1985.9935033 PMid:4045017.

  • 30.

    Biggs WS, Demuth RH. Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Am Family Phys 2011; 84: 918-924.

  • 31.

    Sutar A, Paldhikar S, Shikalgar N, Ghodey S. Effect of aerobic exercises on primary dysmenorrhoea in college students. J Nurs Health Sci 2016; 5: 20-24. https://doi.org/10.9790/1959-0505052024.

  • 32.

    Desai TR. Invetigation into the mechanism of action and effects of triticum aestivum (Wheat) grass. Saurashtra Univ 2005.

  • 33.

    Stone A. Migraine headache treated with acupuncture and herbs. 2009.

  • 34.

    Zafari M, Tofighi M, Aghamohammady A, Behmanesh F, Rakhshaee Z. Comparison of the effect of acupressure, fish oil capsules and ibuprofen on treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 5: 1115-1119. ##.