Correlation between the degree and stage of malignancy with environmental factors based on gender and age of patients in colorectal cancer patients

authors:

avatar A. li Ashraf , avatar Yalda Ashoorian , avatar Marzieh Habibi , avatar Fatemeh Nejatifar , avatar Mohammad Sadegh Esmaeili Delshad , avatar Sedigheh Samimian , avatar Sogand Vahidi , avatar Morteza Rahbar Taramsari , avatar Ali Akbar Samadani ORCID , *

Koomesh: Vol.24, issue 1; 118-127
published online: December 07, 2022
article type: issue_documents_importer
received: February 01, 2021
accepted: July 07, 2021

how to cite: Ashraf A L, Ashoorian Y, Habibi M, Nejatifar F, Esmaeili Delshad M S, et al. Correlation between the degree and stage of malignancy with environmental factors based on gender and age of patients in colorectal cancer patients. koomesh. 2022;24(1):e154093. 

Abstract

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in Iran. Some studies have shown that age and sex are associated with the course and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Due to the fact that recognizing the factors affecting colorectal cancer improves the screening system and selects better treatment modalities, and due to the lack of such studies in Iran, in this study, the relationship between the degree and stage of malignancy with environmental factors, gender and age of patients was examined for colorectal cancer. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study and the pathology report of samples of patients with colorectal cancer admitted during 1393-1397 in Poursina Hospital in Rasht (Iran) in terms of age, sex, tumor location and pathological stage of patients undergoing was evaluated. Results: From 94 pathology reports, the number of men was more than women and the highest number of patients were reported in the age group of 50-60 years. Abdominal pain was the most common clinical symptom at diagnosis. Most tumors were located in the rectum. Stage III had the highest frequency. Higher stages were statistically significantly associated with being a woman. There was no significant relationship between age and smoking and alcohol consumption with colorectal tumor stage. Also, the degree of tumor was not related to age and sex and history of smoking and alcohol consumption of patients. Conclusion: In this study, a significant relationship was found between the female gender and the higher stages of cancer. But there was no association between age and sex and smoking and alcohol consumption with the degree of cancer. Also, no relationship was found between age and smoking and alcohol consumption with the stage of cancer.

References

  • 1.

    Azodi MZ, Ardestani H, Dolat E, Mousavi M, Fayazfar S, Shadloo A. Breast cancer: Genetics, risk factors, molecular pathology and treatment. Arch Adv Bioscien 2013; 4.

  • 2.

    Zali H, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Azodi M. Gastric cancer: prevention, risk factors and treatment. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench 2011; 4: 175.

  • 3.

    Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser CA, Kaiser C, Krieger M, Scott MP, et al. Molecular cell biology: Macmillan; 2008.

  • 4.

    Boyl P, Levin B. World Cancer Report, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon; 2008.

  • 5.

    Zeng JH, Liang L, He RQ, Tang RX, Cai XY, Chen JQ, et al. Comprehensive investigation of a novel differentially expressed lncRNA expression profile signature to assess the survival of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8: 16811. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.15161 PMid:28187432 PMCid:PMC5370003.

  • 6.

    Beg S, Siraj AK, Prabhakaran S, Bu R, AlRasheed M, Sultana M, et al. Molecular markers and pathway analysis of colorectal carcinoma in the Middle East. Cancer 2015; 121: 3799-3808. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29580 PMid:26218848.

  • 7.

    Tauriello DV, Palomo-Ponce S, Stork D, Berenguer-Llergo A, Badia-Ramentol J, Iglesias M, et al. TGF drives immune evasion in genetically reconstituted colon cancer metastasis. Nature 2018; 554: 538-543. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25492 PMid:29443964.

  • 8.

    Mishra N, Hall J. Identification of patients at risk for hereditary colorectal cancer. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2012; 250: 67. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1313777 PMid:23730221 PMCid:PMC3423884.

  • 9.

    De Jong A, Vasen H. The frequency of a positive family history for colorectal cancer: a population-based study in the Netherlands. Neth J Med 2006; 64: 367-370.

  • 10.

    Cheong C, Oh SY, Kim YB, Suh KW. Differences in biological behaviors between young and elderly patients with colorectal cancer. Plos One 2019; 14: e0218604. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218604 PMid:31211804 PMCid:PMC6581287.

  • 11.

    Chen J, Wei Y, Feng Q, Ren L, He G, Chang W, et al. Ribosomal protein S15A promotes malignant transformation and predicts poor outcome in colorectal cancer through misregulation of p53 signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 48: 1628-138. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2016.3366 PMid:26847263.

  • 12.

    McClements PL, Madurasinghe V, Thomson CS, Fraser CG, Carey FA, Steele RJ, et al. Impact of the UK colorectal cancer screening pilot studies on incidence, stage distribution and mortality trends. Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36: e232-e242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2012.02.006 PMid:22425027.

  • 13.

    Kim SE, Paik HY, Yoon H, Lee JE, Kim N, Sung MK. Sex-and gender-specific disparities in colorectal cancer risk. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21: 5167. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i17.5167 PMid:25954090 PMCid:PMC4419057.

  • 14.

    Wactawski-Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Brunner RL, O'sullivan MJ, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 684-696. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa055222 PMid:16481636.

  • 15.

    Tsai YJ, Huang SC, Lin HH, Lin CC, Lan YT, Wang HS, et al. Differences in gene mutations according to gender among patients with colorectal cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-018-1431-5 PMid:29976257 PMCid:PMC6034318.

  • 16.

    Sameer AS, Abdullah S, Nissar S, Rasool R, Shah ZA, Afroze D, et al. The blues of P (16) INK (4a): Aberrant promoter methylation and association with colorectal cancer in the Kashmir valley. Mol Med Rep 2012; 5: 1053-1057. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2012.740 PMid:22218684 PMCid:PMC3493103.

  • 17.

    Mundade R, Imperiale TF, Prabhu L, Loehrer PJ, Lu T. Genetic pathways, prevention, and treatment of sporadic colorectal cancer. Oncoscience 2014; 1: 400. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncoscience.59 PMid:25594038 PMCid:PMC4284625.

  • 18.

    Tariq K, Ghias K. Colorectal cancer carcinogenesis: a review of mechanisms. Cancer Biol Med 2016; 13: 120. https://doi.org/10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2015.0103 PMid:27144067 PMCid:PMC4850121.

  • 19.

    Maringe C, Walters S, Rachet B, Butler J, Fields T, Finan P, et al. Stage at diagnosis and colorectal cancer survival in six high-income countries: a population-based study of patients diagnosed during 2000-2007. Acta Oncol 2013; 52: 919-932. https://doi.org/10.3109/0284186X.2013.764008 PMid:23581611.

  • 20.

    Ansari R, Mahdavinia M, Sadjadi A, Nouraie M, Kamangar F, Bishehsari F, et al. Incidence and age distribution of colorectal cancer in Iran: results of a population-based cancer registry. Cancer Lett 2006; 240: 143-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2005.09.004 PMid:16288832.

  • 21.

    Wu XC, Chen VW, Steele B, Ruiz B, Fulton J, Liu L, Carozza SE, Greenlee R. Subsitespecific incidence rate and stage of disease in colorectal cancer by race, gender, and age group in the United States, 1992-1997. Cancer 2001; 92: 2547-2554. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(20011115)92:10<2547::AID-CNCR1606>3.0.CO;2-K.

  • 22.

    van Erning FN, Elferink MA, Bos AC, Lemmens VE. RE: primary tumor location as a prognostic factor in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Nat Cancer Inst 2015; 107: djv203. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djv203 PMid:26389156 PMCid:PMC4836829.

  • 23.

    Parvinnia E, Khayami SP. Analyzing data obtained from patients suffering from colon cancer using data mining techniques. case study: the center of colorectal research of Shahid Fagheehi hosp. Razi J Med Sci 2018; 25: 47-56. (Persian).

  • 24.

    Henry KA, Sherman R, Roche LM. Colorectal cancer stage at diagnosis and area socioeconomic characteristics in New Jersey. Health Place 2009; 15: 505-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.09.003 PMid:19028134.

  • 25.

    Ellis L, Abraho R, McKinley M, Yang J, Somsouk M, Le Marchand L, et al. Colorectal cancer incidence trends by age, stage, and racial/ethnic group in California, 1990-2014. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 27: 1011-1018. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0030 PMid:30115679.

  • 26.

    Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fedewa SA, Ahnen DJ, Meester RG, Barzi A, Jemal A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin 2017; 67: 177-193. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21395 https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21387.

  • 27.

    Maccaroni E, Bracci R, Giampieri R, Bianchi F, Belvederesi L, Brugiati C, et al. Prognostic impact of mismatch repair genes germline defects in colorectal cancer patients: are all mutations equal? Oncotarget 2015; 6: 38737. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.5395 PMid:26485756 PMCid:PMC4770733.

  • 28.

    Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fedewa SA, Ahnen DJ, Meester RG, Barzi A, Jemal A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin 2017; 67: 177-193. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21395 https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21387.

  • 29.

    Parvinnia E, Khayami SP. Analyzing data obtained from patients suffering from colon cancer using data mining techniques. case study: the center of colorectal research of Shahid Fagheehi hosp. Razi J Med Sci 2018; 25: 47-56. (Persian).

  • 30.

    White A, Ironmonger L, Steele RJ, Ormiston-Smith N, Crawford C, Seims A. A review of sex-related differences in colorectal cancer incidence, screening uptake, routes to diagnosis, cancer stage and survival in the UK. BMC Cancer 2018; 18: 1-1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4786-7 PMid:30236083 PMCid:PMC6149054.

  • 31.

    Nguyen SP, Bent S, Chen YH, Terdiman JP. Gender as a risk factor for advanced neoplasia and colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 676-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2009.01.008 PMid:19514116.

  • 32.

    McPhail S, Johnson S, Greenberg D, Peake M, Rous B. Stage at diagnosis and early mortality from cancer in England. Br J Cancer 2015; 112: S108-115. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2015.49 PMid:25734389 PMCid:PMC4385983.

  • 33.

    Lyratzopoulos G, Abel GA, Brown CH, Rous BA, Vernon SA, Roland M, Greenberg DC. Socio-demographic inequalities in stage of cancer diagnosis: evidence from patients with female breast, lung, colon, rectal, prostate, renal, bladder, melanoma, ovarian and endometrial cancer. Annal Oncol 2013; 24: 843-850. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mds526 PMid:23149571 PMCid:PMC3574550.

  • 34.

    Ford AC, Van Zanten SV, Rodgers CC, Talley NJ, Vakil NB, Moayyedi P. Diagnostic utility of alarm features for colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2008; 57: 1545-1553. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2008.159723 PMid:18676420.

  • 35.

    Adelstein BA, Macaskill P, Chan SF, Katelaris PH, Irwig L. Most bowel cancer symptoms do not indicate colorectal cancer and polyps: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol 2011; 11: 1-0. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-11-65 PMid:21624112 PMCid:PMC3120795.

  • 36.

    Azizi F, Hatami H, Janghorbani M. Epidemiology and control of common diseases in Iran. Tehran. (Persian).

  • 37.

    Ghazi S, Lindforss U, Lindberg G, Berg E, Lindblom A, Papadogiannakis N, Low-Risk Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Analysis of colorectal cancer morphology in relation to sex, age, location, and family history. J Gastroenterol 2012; 47: 619-634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-011-0520-9 PMid:22249212.

  • 38.

    Rauch A, Wiklund J, Lumpkin GT, Frese M. Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: An assessment of past research and suggestions for the future. Entrep Theory Pract. 2009;33(3):761-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00308.x.

  • 39.

    Walter V, Jansen L, Ulrich A, Roth W, Blker H, Chang-Claude J, et al. Alcohol consumption and survival of colorectal cancer patients: a population-based study from Germany. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103: 1497-1506. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.127092 PMid:27146651.

  • 40.

    Walter V, Jansen L, Hoffmeister M, Brenner H. Smoking and survival of colorectal cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Annal Oncol 2014; 25: 1517-1525. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu040 PMid:24692581.

  • 41.

    Salari A, Mahdavi-Roshan M, Ghorbani Z, Mortazavi SS, Naghshbandi M, Faraghnia F, Taramsari MR, Ahmadnia Z. An investigation of risk factors of in-hospital death due to COVID-19: a case-control study in Rasht, Iran. Ir J Med Sci. 2021; 190, 1321-1333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-020-02455-5 PMid:33449333 PMCid:PMC7809240.

  • 42.

    Liang PS, Chen TY, Giovannucci E. Cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: Systematic review and metaanalysis. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 2406-2415. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24191 PMid:19142968.