Evaluation of The Type and Severity of Alveolar Bone Loss in Smoking Subjects with  Chronic  periodontitis

Morteza Hosseini; Azizeh Karimian; Amir Reza Ahmadinia

doi:10.5812/koomesh-154113

Koomesh

Journal of Semnan University of Medical Sciences

Home

Current Issue Archive In Press Search Accepted Manuscripts

Instructions

Journal Information Editors & Boards Indexing and Listing Sources Journal Metrics Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement Reviewer and AE Registration Form Support Contact Us Open Peer Review (OPR)

APC

Authors Guide Submit Manuscript

https://doi.org/10.69107/koomesh-154113

Evaluation of The Type and Severity of Alveolar Bone Loss in Smoking Subjects with Chronic periodontitis

Author(s):

Morteza Hosseini¹,

Azizeh Karimian

²,

Amir Reza Ahmadinia

^3,*

1Dentist. School of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences,Gorgan, Iran.

2Msc of Biostatics, Dental research center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences. Gorgan, Iran.

3Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.

Koomesh:Vol. 27, issue 3; e154113

Published online:Jun 02, 2025

Article type:Research Article

How to Cite:Hosseini M, Karimian A, Ahmadinia A R. Evaluation of The Type and Severity of Alveolar Bone Loss in Smoking Subjects with Chronic periodontitis.koomesh.2025;27(3):e154113.https://doi.org/10.69107/koomesh-154113.

Abstract

Background: Smoking is an independent risk factor for periodontal disease, which increases the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease. Recent studies suggest that smoking leads to vertical alveolar bone loss. However, our knowledge in this field is limited.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between smoking and the type and severity of alveolar bone loss in periodontitis patients.

Methods: The study included seventy-two subjects aged 30 to 60 with chronic periodontitis and a pocket depth of ≥ 5 mm. The patients were divided into two groups: smokers and non-smokers. Periodontal clinical parameters were measured, including plaque index, bleeding index, calculus index, periodontal pocket probing depth, and clinical attachment loss. The type and severity of bone loss were investigated and measured through direct observation.

Results: Thirty-one subjects in the smoking group (88.5%) and 4 people (11.5%) in the non-smoking group had vertical bone loss. Five subjects in the smoking group (13.5%) and 32 subjects (86.5%) in the non-smoking group had horizontal bone loss (P < 0.001). The mean severity of horizontal bone loss in smokers was higher than non-smokers (P < 0.001). The average severity of vertical bone loss in smokers was higher than non-smokers (P < 0.001).

Conclusion: The role of smoking is supported to be considered a risk factor for the development of vertical alveolar bone defects. Smokers presented with more severe vertical alveolar bone loss as compared to non-smokers.

Keywords

Smoking

Chronic Periodontitis

Injury Severity Score

Alveolar Bone Loss

References

1.
1. Javed F, Al-Rasheed A, Almas K, Romanos GE, Al-Hezaimi K. Effect of cigarette smoking on the clinical outcomes of periodontal surgical procedures. Am J Med Sci. 2012;343(1):78-84. [PubMed ID:21804361]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318228283b.
2.
2. Bahrami G, Vaeth M, Wenzel A, Kirkevang LL, Isidor F. Prediction of future marginal bone level: a radiographic study. J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38(10):933-8. [PubMed ID:21770998]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01771.x.
3.
3. Calsina G, Ramon JM, Echeverria JJ. Effects of smoking on periodontal tissues. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29(8):771-6. [PubMed ID:12390575]. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051x.2002.290815.x.
4.
4. Malhotra R, Kapoor A, Grover V, Kaushal S. Nicotine and periodontal tissues. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2010;14(1):72-9. [PubMed ID:20922084]. [PubMed Central ID:PMC2933534]. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-124X.65442.
5.
5. Amaranath BJ, Das N, Gupta I, Gupta R, John B, Devi MP. Types of bone destruction and its severity in chronic periodontitis patients with tobacco smoking habit using periapical radiographs and transgingival probing: A cross-sectional study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2020;24(1):20-5. [PubMed ID:31983840]. [PubMed Central ID:PMC6961448]. https://doi.org/10.4103/jisp.jisp_212_19.
6.
6. Rudziniski R. [Effect of tobacco smoking on the course and degree of advancement inflammation in periodontal tissue]. Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2010;56(2):97-105. Polish. [PubMed ID:21469287].
7.
7. Machuca G, Rosales I, Lacalle JR, Machuca C, Bullon P. Effect of cigarette smoking on periodontal status of healthy young adults. J Periodontol. 2000;71(1):73-8. [PubMed ID:10695941]. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2000.71.1.73.
8.
8. Ward KD, Klesges RC. A meta-analysis of the effects of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density. Calcif Tissue Int. 2001;68(5):259-70. [PubMed ID:11683532]. [PubMed Central ID:PMC5352985]. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02390832.
9.
9. Leite FRM, Nascimento GG, Scheutz F, Lopez R. Effect of Smoking on Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-regression. Am J Prev Med. 2018;54(6):831-41. [PubMed ID:29656920]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.02.014.
10.
10. Razali M, Palmer RM, Coward P, Wilson RF. A retrospective study of periodontal disease severity in smokers and non-smokers. Br Dent J. 2005;198(8):495-8; discussion 85. [PubMed ID:15849588]. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4812253.
11.
11. Johnson GK, Guthmiller JM. The impact of cigarette smoking on periodontal disease and treatment. Periodontol 2000. 2007;44:178-94. [PubMed ID:17474933]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2007.00212.x.
12.
12. Johnson GK, Hill M. Cigarette smoking and the periodontal patient. J Periodontol. 2004;75(2):196-209. [PubMed ID:15068107]. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2004.75.2.196.
13.
13. Ramseier CA. Potential impact of subject-based risk factor control on periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32 Suppl 6:283-90. [PubMed ID:16128842]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00798.x.
14.
14. Schuller AA, Holst D. An "S-shaped" relationship between smoking duration and alveolar bone loss: generating a hypothesis. J Periodontol. 2001;72(9):1164-71. [PubMed ID:11577947]. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2000.72.9.1164.
15.
15. Mullally BH, Breen B, Linden GJ. Smoking and patterns of bone loss in early-onset periodontitis. J Periodontol. 1999;70(4):394-401. [PubMed ID:10328651]. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1999.70.4.394.
16.
16. Bergstrom J, Eliasson S, Preber H. Cigarette smoking and periodontal bone loss. J Periodontol. 1991;62(4):242-6. [PubMed ID:2037954].
17.
17. Preber H, Bergstrom J. Occurrence of gingival bleeding in smoker and non-smoker patients. Acta Odontol Scand. 1985;43(5):315-20. [PubMed ID:3878653]. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016358509046515.
18.
18. J R, T.B TA. Association Between Smoking And Periodontal Disease : A Review Of The Literature. Annals of Dentistry. 1999;6(1):21-6. https://doi.org/10.22452/adum.vol6no1.6.
19.
19. Papapanou PN. Risk assessments in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases. J Dent Educ. 1998;62(10):822-39. [PubMed ID:9847886.
20.
20. Locker D, Leake JL. Risk indicators and risk markers for periodontal disease experience in older adults living independently in Ontario, Canada. J Dent Res. 1993;72(1):9-17. [PubMed ID:8418114]. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345930720011501.
21.
21. Beck JD, Koch GG, Rozier RG, Tudor GE. Prevalence and risk indicators for periodontal attachment loss in a population of older community-dwelling blacks and whites. J Periodontol. 1990;61(8):521-8. [PubMed ID:2391631]. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1990.61.8.521.
22.
22. Tomar SL, Asma S. Smoking‐Attributable Periodontitis in the United States: Findings From NHANES III. J Periodontol. 2000;71(5):743-51. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2000.71.5.743.
23.
23. Haghighati F, Mousavi Jazi M, Golestan B, Kashani H. [Comparative survey of smoking prevalence in individuals with and without angular bone defects]. J Dent Med. 2010;23(3):191-7. Persian.
24.
24. Rosa GM, Lucas GQ, Lucas ON. Cigarette smoking and alveolar bone in young adults: a study using digitized radiographs. J Periodontol. 2008;79(2):232-44. [PubMed ID:18251656]. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2008.060522.
25.
25. Agrawal S, Singh D, Kumar Pandey P. Vertical radiographic alveolar bone loss in smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis: A pilot study. IP Int J Periodontol Implantol. 2021;6(1):28-35. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpi.2021.006.
26.
26. Prichard JF. The diagnosis and management of vertical bony defects. J Periodontol. 1983;54(1):29-35. [PubMed ID:6572254]. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1983.54.1.29.
27.
27. Mesa F, Souki N, Galindo-Moreno P, Velasco-Torres M, O'Valle F, Bravo M. Tobacco consumption induces alveolar crest height loss independently of mandibular bone mass and bone density. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014;25(9):1034-40. [PubMed ID:23750807]. https://doi.org/10.1111/clr.12207.
28.
28. Baljoon M, Natto S, Abanmy A, Bergstrom J. Smoking and vertical bone defects in a Saudi Arabian population. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2005;3(3):173-82. [PubMed ID:16355651].
29.
29. Jansson L, Lavstedt S. Influence of smoking on marginal bone loss and tooth loss--a prospective study over 20 years. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29(8):750-6. [PubMed ID:12390572]. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051x.2002.290812.x.
30.
30. Baljoon M, Natto S, Bergstrom J. Long-term effect of smoking on vertical periodontal bone loss. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32(7):789-97. [PubMed ID:15966888]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00765.x.
31.
31. Bjorn H, Halling A, Thyberg H. Radiographic assessment of marginal bone loss. Odontol Revy. 1969;20(2):165-79. [PubMed ID:5259016].

Import into EndNote Import into BibTex

Crossmark

Checking

Share on

Comments

Number of Comments:0

Cited by

CrossRef: 0

Metrics

Get Permission (article level)

Purchasing Reprints

Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) handles bulk orders for article reprints for Brieflands. To place an order for reprints, please click here ( https://www.copyright.com/landing/reprintsinquiryform/ ). Clicking this link will bring you to a CCC request form where you can provide the details of your order. Once complete, please click the ‘Submit Request’ button and CCC’s Reprints Services team will generate a quote for your review.

Search Relations

Author(s):

Morteza Hosseini:[PubMed][Scholar]
Azizeh Karimian:[PubMed][Scholar]
Amir Reza Ahmadinia:[PubMed][Scholar]