Abstract
Background:
Nocturnal enuresis is defined as urinary incontinence in children more than five years of age, who are adequately mature to achieve continence of urination.Objectives:
Aim of this was to study children with primary mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis in regards to video gaming addiction.Methods:
In total, 200 children, 100 healthy children as the control group and 100 children with primary mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis as the case group, were evaluated. Epidemiologic, video gaming, and nocturnal enuresis information were collected and analyzed by the SPSS software, and significant differences (P < 0.05) were considered.Results:
Children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis were more prone to video gaming addiction compared with healthy children (P < 0.0001).Conclusions:
Video gaming addiction has a significant impact on primary monosymptomatic nocturnal, thus control of stressful factors, instead of pharmacotherapy, can reduce this condition as a symptom.Keywords
Primary Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis Video Gaming Addiction Children
1. Background
Primary mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis is involuntary urination during night time in children aged five years old and above, who are adequately mature to gain continence of urination, which cannot be attributed to any organic or medication reasons (1, 2). This condition is grouped to primary nocturnal enuresis (80%) and secondary nocturnal enuresis (20%). Children, who have not gained continence and dryness in the past, are considered to have primary nocturnal enuresis, and incontinence in children, who have had a period of at least six months of continence, is known as secondary nocturnal enuresis (3, 4). Overall, 15% to 30% of children older than six years of age, 15% of children with five years of age, 7% of children with eight years of age, and 1% of children with 15 years of age, wet their bed at least one night per month; the odds ratio of nocturnal enuresis is 1.4:1 in males and females (5-7). Etiologies of this condition is multifactorial and not fully understood, yet some causes may be small bladder capacity, chronic constipation, genetic influences (autosomal dominant), delayed acquisition of urination control, detrusor muscle malfunction, involuntary contractions, effect of psychological and behavioral factors, and delayed functional maturation of the central nervous system (8). Treating any underlying organic causes of enuresis is the first step of treatment (9, 10). The most commonly used treatment options are conditioning therapy and pharmacotherapy (11). The clinician can also assist the family in making a plan and helping the child cope with this problem (12, 13). Bedwetting alarm, is the most widely used conditioning therapy, with 70% initial success and 10% relapse, and desmopressin acetate/tricyclic antidepressants, as pharmacotherapy, is not curative, with 90% relapse (14, 15). Gaming addiction as an important factor can induce psychological stressful and lead to urination incontinence. There are different points of view in gaming that include societal and scientific arguments about whether the content of video games can lead to a negative behavior and attitudes in the player’s normal life, and whether this is reflected in the overall video game industry (16). This addiction can lead to headaches, dizziness, and evens chances of vomiting from focusing on a screen for too long (17, 18). Based on content, the researchers decided to compare video gaming in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis compared to healthy controls. The aim of this research was to study primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in children and its correlation with video gaming addiction.
2. Methods
2.1. Study Setting
Pediatric clinic of Amirkabir hospital, Arak, Iran.
2.2. Study Population
This was a case-control study conducted on 200 children, aged five to fifteen years old. Children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and consent to participate in the research project were included in the study yet children, who for any reason wanted to leave the study and were not satisfied with use of their data in the study, were excluded from the study. Children were selected by convenience sampling, from 100 children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis as the case group, and 100 healthy children as the control group.
2.3. Measurements
Height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were measured with standard methods. Children and their parents answered the demographic and gaming questionnaires.
2.4. Ethical Issues
1, The research followed the tenets of the declaration of Helsinki; 2, Informed consent was obtained, and the participants were free to leave the study at any time; 3, The ethical committee approved the research with ethical number of 93-176-16
2.5. Statistical Analysis
Data analysis was conducted by independent T-test using the SPSS program and significance level was considered as P < 0.05.
3. Results
In total, this study included 200 children, based on Table 1; 61% were male and 39% were female (P = 1.0). Also according to Table 1, delivery type (P = 0.319) and gastational age (P = 0.056) have not a statistically significant diffrence, and birth wieght (P = 0.004) had statistically significant diffrences in the two groups. As mentioned in Table 2, all aspects of gaming status in the two groups had a significant diffrence (P < 0.0001) and gaming status in the case and control group was 93% and 68%, respectively. Based on Table 3, familial status, including father’s (P = 0.005) and mother’s education (P = 0.001), economical status (P = 0.015), place of residence (P = 0.04), number of brothers (P < 0.0001) and sisiters (P = 0.007), occupation of fathers (P = 0.03) and mothers (P = 0.023), and age of fathers (P = 0.021) and mothers (P = 0.027) had a statistically significant diffrence in the two groups.
Children Information in Case (N: 100) and Control (N: 100) Groups
| Variables | Case | Control | Total | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 1.0 | |||
| Male | 61 | 61 | 122 | |
| Female | 39 | 39 | 78 | |
| Delivery type | 0.319 | |||
| Natural | 41 | 48 | 89 | |
| Cesarean | 59 | 52 | 111 | |
| Birth weight | 0.004 | |||
| LBW (1500 g - 2500 g) | 38 | 21 | 59 | |
| NBW (2500 g - 4000 g) | 54 | 76 | 130 | |
| HBW (> 4000g) | 8 | 3 | 11 | |
| Gestational age | 0.056 | |||
| Preterm | 27 | 15 | 42 | |
| Term | 66 | 81 | 147 | |
| Post term | 7 | 4 | 11 |
Gaming Information in Case (N: 100) and Control (N: 100) Groups
| Variables | Case | Control | Total | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Video gaming | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 93 | 68 | 161 | |
| No | 7 | 32 | 39 | |
| Gaming duration, h | < 0.0001 | |||
| 1 - 2 | 12 | 11 | 23 | |
| 3 - 4 | 53 | 36 | 89 | |
| 5 - 6 | 2 | 8 | 10 | |
| 7 - 8 | 26 | 13 | 39 | |
| Gaming device | < 0.0001 | |||
| Video | 9 | 11 | 20 | |
| Mobile phone | 49 | 28 | 77 | |
| Playstation | 13 | 9 | 22 | |
| 4 | 5 | 9 | ||
| Multiple and others | 18 | 15 | 33 | |
| Gaming with | < 0.0001 | |||
| Solitude | 82 | 51 | 133 | |
| Family members | 3 | 12 | 17 | |
| Friends | 8 | 5 | 11 | |
| Game types | < 0.0001 | |||
| Different | 38 | 21 | 59 | |
| Childish | 28 | 20 | 48 | |
| Frightful | 11 | 9 | 20 | |
| Football | 5 | 7 | 12 | |
| Driving games | 11 | 11 | 22 | |
| Suitability game/age | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 47 | 43 | 100 | |
| No | 46 | 25 | 71 | |
| Child punishment by parents | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 82 | 52 | 134 | |
| No | 18 | 48 | 66 |
Children Families Status in Case (N: 100) and Control (N: 100) Groups
| Variables | Case | Control | Total | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Father education | 0.005 | |||
| Ph. D | 2 | 1 | 3 | |
| Master | 8 | 4 | 12 | |
| Bachelor | 28 | 17 | 45 | |
| Associate | 7 | 16 | 23 | |
| Diploma | 50 | 43 | 93 | |
| Under diploma | 5 | 19 | 24 | |
| Mother education | 0.001 | |||
| Ph.D | 4 | 2 | 6 | |
| Master | 8 | 7 | 15 | |
| Bachelor | 23 | 7 | 30 | |
| Associate | 6 | 18 | 24 | |
| Diploma | 50 | 46 | 96 | |
| Under diploma | 8 | 20 | 28 | |
| Economical status, Million IRR | 0.015 | |||
| < 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 5 - 10 | 17 | 30 | 47 | |
| 10 - 15 | 39 | 48 | 87 | |
| 15 - 20 | 34 | 17 | 51 | |
| > 20 | 9 | 5 | 14 | |
| Living area | 0.04 | |||
| Downtown | 36 | 18 | 54 | |
| Fringe | 55 | 71 | 127 | |
| Rural | 9 | 11 | 20 | |
| Brothers number | < 0.0001 | |||
| 0 | 38 | 63 | 101 | |
| 1 | 32 | 33 | 65 | |
| ≥ 2 | 30 | 4 | 34 | |
| Sisters number | 0.007 | |||
| 0 | 53 | 64 | 117 | |
| 1 | 33 | 34 | 67 | |
| ≥ 2 | 14 | 2 | 16 | |
| Father occupation | 0.003 | |||
| Self employment | 22 | 36 | 58 | |
| Employee | 64 | 41 | 105 | |
| Worker | 11 | 22 | 33 | |
| Workless | 3 | 1 | 4 | |
| Mother occupation | 0.023 | |||
| Housekeeper | 63 | 79 | 142 | |
| Employee | 34 | 17 | 51 | |
| Self employment | 3 | 4 | 7 | |
| Father age, y | 0.021 | |||
| < 25 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 26 - 30 | 38 | 17 | 55 | |
| 31 - 35 | 36 | 44 | 80 | |
| 36 - 40 | 19 | 29 | 48 | |
| > 40 | 6 | 9 | 15 | |
| Mother age, y | 0.027 | |||
| < 25 | 8 | 10 | 18 | |
| 26 - 30 | 44 | 34 | 78 | |
| 31 - 35 | 31 | 44 | 75 | |
| 36 - 40 | 17 | 8 | 25 | |
| > 40 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
4. Discussion
This study aimed at determining the effects of video gaming on primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in children with addiction to video gaming. Normally, over five years of age, urination continence should be obtained, yet some children do not achieve this status.
In another study concluded that genes that have the tendency to cause NE are related to the 8q, 12q and 13q chromosomes (19); this issue was not investigated by the current study. Other studies reported that family history of children indicated 22% to 48% genetic basis for voiding dysfunction (6, 20). In a study by Yousefichaijan et al., birth order, education level of the family, economical status, male gender, and history of urinary infection were reported to be related to primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (21); this was also seen in the current study. Since some studies have shown no differences in the demographic characteristics between the two groups (5), yet a statistically significant difference was found in demographic characteristics. Carotenuto et al. in their study found that etiology and pathogenesis of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis is multi-factorial, and it is believed that more than one factor affects each patient (22). Also in similar studies, in was indicated that regulating mechanisms of BP may play a role in the pathophysiology of nocturnal enuresis. Based on these, they proposed that children with enuresis had a higher nocturnal BP compared to healthy individuals (14, 23). Some studies have shown that nocturnal enuresis decreases with age (24). The current study showed the same results, with a peak incidence at seven years, which might be an accidental finding. Other studies suggested that males are three times more likely to wet their beds than females (25); the current study showed a male to female predominance yet this was equal in case and control groups (24), and there was a higher incidence of obesity in the case group and this was significant.
The limitation of this study was incomplete questionnaires provided by parents yet after explaining to parents about effect of nocturnal enuresis on urinary and other body systems they agreed to cooperate in the study. As a limitation, the researchers did not consider severity of enuresis. Furthermore, it is recommended to confirm these findings by further studies with attention to enuresis severity factors.
4.1. Conclusion
Healthy children compared to children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis had better status in video gaming and familial aspects, and thus primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis can be reduced by control of these stressful factors.
Acknowledgements
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