Abstract
Background:
One of the causes of arterial endothelial dysfunction in adulthood is obesity or overweight in childhood or adolescence.Objectives:
This study aimed to investigate the effect of a selected after-school physical activity protocol on peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), C-reactive protein (CRP), miR-125a-5p level, and lipid profile of male children with overweight/obesity.Methods:
Twenty-four boy children with overweight/obesity (aged 13 - 15 years) were assigned to after-school physical activity (APA, BMI = 27.5±1.4 kg/m2, n = 12) and control (CON, BMI = 26.28 ± 2.3 kg/m2, n = 12) groups. The APA participants took part in exercise intervention for 12 weeks, three sessions per week. Changes in VO2peak, CRP, miR-125a-5p, and lipid profile of participants were assessed before and after exercise interventions.Results:
There were significant reductions in CRP (-27.7% vs. 9.7%), miR-125a-5p (36.7% vs. 7.6%), fat percentage (-8.24% vs. 0.7%), LDL (-17.66% vs. 1.9%), and triglycerides (-15.7% vs. 5.9%) in APA and CON groups after 12-week exercise intervention (P < 0.05). In contrast, a significant increase was found in HDL (7.7% vs. -0.6%) and VO2peak (4.83% vs. -1.6%) (P < 0.05). There were significant between-group differences in all measured variables, except for BMI.Conclusions:
After-school physical activity effectively improved the endothelial dysfunction and lipid profile of adolescents with overweight/obesity. Therefore, based on the positive effects of these physical activities performed out of school, further use of after-school physical activity programs is suggested.Keywords
1. Background
Various metabolic and cardiovascular disorders such as endothelial dysfunction are associated with obesity in childhood and adolescence (1, 2). Studies have shown that more than half of children and adolescents will be obese in adulthood and show a significantly higher risk of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (3). It is widely agreed that inflammation can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and the risk of cardiovascular disease, and the role of C-reactive protein as an important inflammatory marker in atherosclerotic disease is very complex (4). Recent evidence suggests that miRNAs are involved in almost all physiological responses, and genetic studies using new technologies show that some miRNAs play a vital role in the pathology of cardiovascular disease and normal physiological functions (5). Among numerous miRNAs identified, miR-125a-5p has been identified as a potential biomarker associated with endothelial dysfunction. It has been shown to play a critical role in endothelial tissue function by decreasing cell proliferation and increasing apoptosis and inflammation (6, 7).
The C-reactive protein (CRP) is involved in the transfer of monocytes into the arterial wall and their adhesion, and by inhibiting nitric oxide production, they change the rapid and appropriate response of blood vessels to a specific stimulus (8). Endothelial dysfunction is an early marker of cardiac disease, decreased normal hemostatic function of blood vessels (9), and development of hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease (10, 11). On the other hand, CRP is an essential factor in atherosclerosis at all ages, and obesity is a significant determinant of increased CRP concentration (12). Nowadays, it is accepted that regular physical activities are beneficial for the health and quality of life, with little cost and no side effects, resulting in numerous adaptations (7). Recent studies have shown that children and adolescents are sedentary 64% of their waking time on average (13), which causes obesity and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The school environment provides a unique opportunity to improve the physical activity of children and adolescents, as they spend a significant part of their waking hours in this environment for more than 10 months a year (14). School-based exercise programs were effective for aerobic power, weight loss, and clinical indicators of obese and normal children and patients (15, 16). Recently, After-school Physical Activity (APA) interventions are more common because schools are safe places to host and sustain programs for enhancing physical activity (17).
In recent years, different training methods have been studied for childhood obesity and some biomarkers related to various diseases, and the results typically indicate the effectiveness of various exercises. However, there is no consensus on training type, duration, and intensity (18). Although some exercise methods, such as high-intensity intermittent training, need much less time and have significant effectiveness, they are very complicated for obese children to perform and require much motivation. On the other side, low-intensity, long-term aerobic exercise is generally monotonous and often dull due to its nature. Therefore, professionals should seek to introduce specific training methods that are more operational in terms of execution time, intensity, and variety of training. Previous studies have less emphasized the effect of APA on cardiovascular factors in children, and the impacts of different exercise modes on vascular inflammation markers and lipid profile have been investigated rarely.
2. Objectives
Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of a selected APA program on the levels of CRP, miR-125a-5p, lipid profile, and cardiovascular endurance of male children with overweight/obesity.
3. Methods
3.1. Participants
Twenty-four male children (13 - 15 years) from the schools of Shahrekord city were enrolled in this study. G-Power 3.1 software was used to calculate the sample size. The α level, power, and effect size were set at 0.05, 0.95, and 0.8, respectively, resulting in a minimum sample size of 23 (19, 20). Written informed consent was obtained from participants' parents to confirm their voluntary participation in the study. Then, they completed the general health and wellness questionnaire. Overweight was defined as a Body Mass Index (BMI)-for-age between 85th and 95th percentiles and obesity as a BMI-for-age at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex (21). Inclusion criteria were BMI-for-age of 25 - 35 kg/m2, sedentary lifestyle (< 30 min physical activity per week), no smoking, no history of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases, and no medication use assessed by a medical health history questionnaire. Exclusion criteria were injury during physical activity and absence from more than two sessions during the exercise protocol.
Given that participants' nutritional status could influence outcomes, nutritional counseling was provided to the participants and their parents before the first and last blood sampling at the first meeting on the first and second visits. Participants were stratified according to BMI and then randomly assigned to APA (BMI = 27.5 ± 1.4 kg/m2, n = 12) and control (BMI = 26.28 ± 2.3 kg/m2, n = 12) groups. Participants were instructed not to exercise for 48 hours before the study and to maintain their usual diet. This study was approved by the institutional review board of the University of Isfahan (ethics code: IR.UI.REC.1399.055) and conducted in agreement with the ethical principles for biomedical research involving human participants outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The research variables were measured before and after the exercise intervention.
3.2. Exercise Training Protocol
The APA program consisted of 12 weeks (three sessions per week) of typical physical education class routines consisting of 20 min shuttle run test as aerobic training, Futsal basic skills training, playing Futsal, and sit-up exercises with a duration of 30 min in the first week to 55 min in the last session.
3.3. Physiological Assessments
The dependent variables were measured before and after exercise interventions in the same condition. A digital scale and a stadiometer (Harpenden, UK Ltd.) measured body mass and height, respectively. The BMI was calculated by dividing the weight by the square of the height in meters. The waist to hip ratio (WHR) was calculated by dividing the waist measurement by hip measurement since the waist is the narrowest part and the hips are the widest part of the buttocks (22). Body fat percentage was determined by Cortés-Castell et al. (2017) equation based on BMI (22). All participants performed 20 min shuttle run tests to measure peak oxygen consumption under the same environmental conditions, and then we used the formula of Matsuzaka et al. to estimate VO2peak (23).
3.4. Laboratory Measurements
Blood samples (5 cc) following 12 h overnight fasting in pre-posttest phases (24 h before and 48 - 72 h after the last training session) were collected from the left brachial vein in the sitting position, kept in test tubes, and transferred to the laboratory for CRP and lipid profile analysis.
Immediately after sample collection, blood specimens were poured into the tubes containing anticoagulants and transferred to the laboratory. The CRP and other variables were measured in standard laboratory conditions. Blood samples were centrifuged at 4°C for 10 min at a speed of 3,000 rpm, and the resulting plasma was frozen at -80°C until further measurements. The CRP levels were measured using the Pars Test Kit manufactured in Iran with a sensitivity of 0.1 to 30 mg/l by immunoturbidimetric assay with a fully automatic ERBA XL600 system made in Germany.
To measure miR125a, we transferred the samples to the laboratory for testing with a Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) system. First, 500 µL of blood was thoroughly mixed with 1 mL of buffer to give a homogeneous solution and transferred to a 2 mL microtube. The resulting mixture was kept at ambient temperature for 5 min. Then, 200 mL of chloroform was added to the mixture, shaken up and down sharply for 10 to 15 s, and rereleased for 5 min. The tube containing the mixture was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 5 min. After this phase was completed, two layers were visible. The RNA-containing supernatant was separated and transferred to another tube. Then, 1000 μL of 100% cold ethanol was added to it and placed in a -20°C freezer for 8 min. Finally, the tube was removed from the freezer and centrifuged as before. The liquid inside the tube was discarded after centrifuging. At this point, sometimes colorless or white spots were observed in the body and bottom of the tube. Centrifugation was repeated in this condition by adding 80% ethanol for washing. After removing ethanol and drying tube content (using the air-dry method), 20 to 50 µL of double distilled water was added depending on the amount of sediment and dissolved by a micro-RNA pipette into the tube. Then, 5 µL of it was electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel to confirm the quality to be used in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis after confirmation. To eliminate DNA from the extracted RNA product, after verifying the RNA quality on the 1% agarose gel, 0.5 mL of DNaseI was added to a tube containing RNA at a concentration of 2 ng/mL to a concentration of 500 ng to 5 µg. It was then incubated at 37°C for 10 min. For the extraction of miR125a, the RT-PCR system (ABI Step one, USA) was used, and the values were calculated (ΔCt). The microRNA database (miRBase) was used to determine the miR125a sequences. Quantitative analysis of miR-125a was performed using the biotech kit from Irizol Biotech by ELISA according to the manufacturer's instructions (RNA Extraction Kit manufactured by the Rena Biotech Co.; access code: RB1001) (18).
3.5. Statistical Analysis
The measured variables are presented as mean ± SD. The data normality was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the homogeneity of variance was confirmed by Levene’s test. Paired t test was used for within-group comparisons, and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), considering pretest scores as covariates, and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to compare the between-group changes in measured variables. SPSS version 21 software (IBM, New York, USA) was applied for data analysis. For testing research hypotheses, the significance level was set at ≤ 0.05.
4. Results
The physical characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups at baseline (Table 1). All exercise group participants attended the after-school exercise sessions for 12 weeks without absenteeism. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and other physiological variables measured at baseline and after exercise intervention are presented in Table 1. There were significant improvements in all measured variables in the posttest compared to baseline (P = 0.01) (Table 1). The BMI, WHR, Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride, CRP, and body fat percentage decreased significantly in the APA group (P = 0.01). There were significant improvements in VO2peak, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and miR-125a-5p levels, and between-group changes were statistically significant (P = 0.01) (Table 1).
Changes in Variables After Exercise Intervention a
| Measured Variables | APA Group ( n = 12) | CON Group ( n = 12) | Between-Group P-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | Before | After | ||
| Weight (kg) | 77.8 ± 13.7 | 76.2 ± 12.7 a | 77.4 ± 13.7 | 77.7 ± 13.5 | 0.001 b |
| Percentage of changes | -2.05 | 0.38 | |||
| WHR (kg/m2) | 0.927 ± 0.06 | 0.910 ± 0.05 a | 0.915 ± 0.04 | 0.919 ± 0.3 | 0.013 b |
| Percentage of changes | -1.83 | 0.43 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.5 ± 1.4 | 26.3 ± 2.2 | 26.28 ± 2.3 | 26.9 ± 2.2 | 0.103 b |
| Percentage of changes | -4.36 | 2.35 | |||
| Body fat percentage | 27.9 ± 3.7 | 25.6 ± 3.8 a | 28.1 ± 3.6 | 28.3 ± 3.7 | 0.001 b |
| Percentage of changes | -8.24 | 0.7 | |||
| VO2peak (mL/kg/min) | 33.1 ± 2.25/0 - 5/06 | 34.7 ± 2.9 a | 32.2 ± 1.4 | 31.7 ± 1.4 | 0.001 b |
| Percentage of changes | 4.83 | -1.6 | |||
| LDL (mg/dL) | 88.9 ± 22.3 | 73.2 ± 19.2 a | 80.4 ± 20.8 | 81.9 ± 20.7 | 0.001 b |
| Percentage of changes | -17.66 | 1.9 | |||
| HDL (mg/dL) | 46.7 ± 10.5 | 50.3 ± 8.1 a | 49.9 ± 9.4 | 49.6 ± 8.9 | 0.018 b |
| Percentage of changes | 7.7 | -0.6 | |||
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.2 ± 27.3 | 143.3 ± 26.3 | 151.6 ± 21.0 | 152.7 ± 19.4 | 0.001 b |
| Percentage of changes | -22.6 | 0.7 | |||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 107.4 ± 40.9 | 90.5 ± 31.6 a | 102.2 ± 28.1 | 108.3 ± 25.7 | 0.021 b |
| Percentage of changes | -15.7 | 5.9 | |||
| C-reactive protein (micro g/mL) | 2.56 ± 0.9 | 1.85 ± 0.7 a | 2.57 ± 1.1 | 2.82 ± 1.0 | 0.001 b |
| Percentage of changes | -27.7 | 9.7 | |||
| miR125a (ΔCt) | 3.57 ± 2.2 | 4.88 ± 2.8 a | 4.36 ± 1.8 | 4.69 ± 1.8 | 0.079 |
| Percentage of changes | 36.7 | 7.6 | |||
5. Discussion
The findings showed that the C-reactive protein level was significantly decreased after the 12-week exercise intervention (APA -27.7% and CON 9.1%), which is consistent with the results of previous studies (4, 24). Since regular physical activity decreases sympathetic stimulation, it possibly decreases the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, the potent stimulator of interleukin-6 production, which is a potent inhibitor of CRP production (8). Additionally, it has been found that obesity is associated with high concentrations of inflammatory markers such as CRP in the bloodstream. An increase in blood CRP in adolescence is related to coronary artery disease and can predict the values of this inflammatory marker in adulthood.
Studies show that long-term exercise reduces CRP and increases insulin sensitivity by reducing the production of cytokines in adipose tissue, muscle, and mononuclear cells, which, in turn, improves endothelial function and is helpful to control body weight (25). In this study, APA increased hsa-miR-125a-5p levels to 36.7% compared to the control group (7.6%) and probably improved the endothelial function of adolescents with overweight and obesity, which is consistent with some previous studies that identified hsa-miR-125a-5p level as a biomarker of endothelial function improvement (1).
Previous studies have shown the role of miRNAs as either tumor suppressors by down-regulating oncogenic targets or tumor promoters through negatively regulating tumor-suppressive target mRNAs (26, 27). Available evidence suggests that miR-125 has various functions in several cancers, including ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, and endothelial function (1, 28). Because of abnormal expression of the hsa-miR-125 family in almost all types of cancers and other diseases, they can be used as biomarkers for the early diagnosis of cancers and other diseases, depending on their abundance (26, 29). Based on the above findings, we hypothesized that exercise, as an active lifestyle, along with other treatment modalities, can play an essential role in preventing some diseases and use as adjunctive therapy with prescription drugs in adolescents and adults.
Our study revealed that this exercise intervention was influential on the lipid profile of participants. It seems that various exercise training modes like our training program can positively improve the lipid profile of overweight and obese adolescents with different mechanisms. Possible causes of improved HDL levels are increased liver lipoprotein lipase and reduced hepatic lipase enzyme activities following exercise training. Although LDL levels reduce due to weight loss and body fat, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) may play a vital role in this process (30, 31). Studies have reported that every 1 mg/dL rise in HDL-C level is associated with a 2% - 3% decreased risk of CVD, and a 1% reduction in TC level is associated with a 2% reduction in CVD (32, 33). In this study, significant changes were observed, similar to other studies. Therefore, regular exercise activities that are well planned in terms of intensity, duration, and frequency of weekly sessions can improve children's health indicators. It should be noted that one of the objectives of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of school-based exercises outside class hours, and it was found that if these exercises are planned regularly for at least three sessions per week, instead of one session per week, it will improve the health of children and adolescents. Previous studies agree that exercise activities, especially regular aerobic exercise, may increase endothelial nitric oxide, increase antioxidant agents, and reduce anti-inflammatory agents and pro-inflammatory cytokines. It has been shown that the reduction of systemic and local inflammation and, consequently, the reduction of inflammatory cytokines from endothelial wall smooth muscles and their eventual effects are likely to decrease the production of inflammatory markers of CRP in the liver (34).
5.1. Conclusion
This study revealed that a 12-week after-school physical activity program had remarkable positive effects on the participants' body composition, lipid profile, CRP, and VO2peak levels. Therefore, it can be concluded that school-based physical activities may positively reduce endothelial dysfunction in children and adolescents. It seems that the use of regular exercise, especially school-based training, is more in line with students' daily activities and will have beneficial effects on the prevention and control of endothelial dysfunction. The results showed that the amount of miR-125a-5p increased parallel with the increase in aerobic capacity of the participants. Meanwhile, performing high-intensity interval training in children and adolescents with severe obesity is extremely difficult and requires more motivation. This study had some limitations, such as a lack of careful control of participants' nutritional and physical activity status outside the training sessions and a small number of participants. Therefore, future studies must consider these limitations to investigate the effects of APA and other exercise modalities to obtain more information on these important biomarkers.
Acknowledgements
References
-
1.
Khalyfa A, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Bhattacharjee R, Khalyfa AA, Gozal D. Circulating microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Endothelial Dysfunction in Obese Children. Chest. 2016;149(3):786-800. [PubMed ID: 26270249]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC5831650]. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.15-0799.
-
2.
Akinci G, Akinci B, Coskun S, Bayindir P, Hekimsoy Z, Ozmen B. Evaluation of markers of inflammation, insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction in children at risk for overweight. Hormones (Athens). 2008;7(2):156-62. [PubMed ID: 18477553]. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03401507.
-
3.
Metgud D, Hungund A, Kulkarni A. Effect of school-based intervention program for children with obesity: A randomized control trial. Indian Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research (KLEU). 2018;11(2):146. https://doi.org/10.4103/kleuhsj.kleuhsj_68_17.
-
4.
Tryggestad JB, Thompson DM, Copeland KC, Short KR. Obese children have higher arterial elasticity without a difference in endothelial function: the role of body composition. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20(1):165-71. [PubMed ID: 21996664]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC8340963]. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.309.
-
5.
Wong LL, Wang J, Liew OW, Richards AM, Chen YT. MicroRNA and Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(4):502. [PubMed ID: 27058529]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4848958]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040502.
-
6.
Wang S, Liao J, Huang J, Yin H, Yang W, Hu M. miR-214 and miR-126 were associated with restoration of endothelial function in obesity after exercise and dietary intervention. J Appl Biomed. 2018;16(1):34-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jab.2017.10.003.
-
7.
Horak M, Zlamal F, Iliev R, Kucera J, Cacek J, Svobodova L, et al. Exercise-induced circulating microRNA changes in athletes in various training scenarios. PLoS One. 2018;13(1). e0191060. [PubMed ID: 29338015]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC5770042]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191060.
-
8.
Plaisance EP, Grandjean PW. Physical activity and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Sports Med. 2006;36(5):443-58. [PubMed ID: 16646631]. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636050-00006.
-
9.
Davignon J, Ganz P. Role of Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2004;109(23 suppl 1). https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000131515.03336.f8.
-
10.
Hirata Y, Nagata D, Suzuki E, Nishimatsu H, Suzuki J, Nagai R. Diagnosis and treatment of endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease. Int Heart J. 2010;51(1):1-6. [PubMed ID: 20145343]. https://doi.org/10.1536/ihj.51.1.
-
11.
Zhao ZY, Zhou YM. Circulating miR-21 and miR-423-5p as biomarkers for heart failure in heart valve disease patients. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2017;10:5703-11.
-
12.
Timpson NJ, Nordestgaard BG, Harbord RM, Zacho J, Frayling TM, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, et al. C-reactive protein levels and body mass index: elucidating direction of causation through reciprocal Mendelian randomization. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011;35(2):300-8. [PubMed ID: 20714329]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4783860]. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.137.
-
13.
Adamo KB, Langlois KA, Brett KE, Colley RC. Young children and parental physical activity levels: findings from the Canadian health measures survey. Am J Prev Med. 2012;43(2):168-75. [PubMed ID: 22813681]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.02.032.
-
14.
Stenevi-Lundgren S, Daly RM, Karlsson MK. A school-based exercise intervention program increases muscle strength in prepubertal boys. Int J Pediatr. 2010;2010:307063. [PubMed ID: 20652076]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC2905710]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/307063.
-
15.
Lu KD, Cooper DM, Haddad F, Radom-Aizik S. Four Months of a School-Based Exercise Program Improved Aerobic Fitness and Clinical Outcomes in a Low-SES Population of Normal Weight and Overweight/Obese Children With Asthma. Front Pediatr. 2018;6:380. [PubMed ID: 30619785]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC6297379]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00380.
-
16.
MacKelvie KJ, Khan KM, Petit MA, Janssen PA, McKay HA. A school-based exercise intervention elicits substantial bone health benefits: a 2-year randomized controlled trial in girls. Pediatrics. 2003;112(6 Pt 1). e447. [PubMed ID: 14654643]. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.6.e447.
-
17.
Park JH, Miyashita M, Kwon YC, Park HT, Kim EH, Park JK, et al. A 12-week after-school physical activity programme improves endothelial cell function in overweight and obese children: a randomised controlled study. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12:111. [PubMed ID: 22849607]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3447644]. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-12-111.
-
18.
Parr EB, Camera DM, Burke LM, Phillips SM, Coffey VG, Hawley JA. Circulating MicroRNA Responses between 'High' and 'Low' Responders to a 16-Wk Diet and Exercise Weight Loss Intervention. PLoS One. 2016;11(4). e0152545. [PubMed ID: 27101373]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4839646]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152545.
-
19.
Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175-91. [PubMed ID: 17695343]. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146.
-
20.
Leppink J, O'Sullivan P, Winston K. Effect size - large, medium, and small. Perspect Med Educ. 2016;5(6):347-9. [PubMed ID: 27752936]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC5122517]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-016-0308-y.
-
21.
Tylavsky FA, Ferrara A, Catellier DJ, Oken E, Li X, Law A, et al. Understanding childhood obesity in the US: the NIH environmental influences on child health outcomes (ECHO) program. Int J Obes (Lond). 2020;44(3):617-27. [PubMed ID: 31649277]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC7060502]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-019-0470-5.
-
22.
Cortes-Castell E, Juste M, Palazon-Bru A, Monge L, Sanchez-Ferrer F, Rizo-Baeza MM. A simple equation to estimate body fat percentage in children with overweightness or obesity: a retrospective study. PeerJ. 2017;5. e3238. [PubMed ID: 28462041]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC5410155]. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3238.
-
23.
Matsuzaka A, Takahashi Y, Yamazoe M, Kumakura N, Ikeda A, Wilk B, et al. Validity of the Multistage 20-M Shuttle-Run Test for Japanese Children, Adolescents, and Adults. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2004;16(2):113-25. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.16.2.113.
-
24.
Lee YH, Song YW, Kim HS, Lee SY, Jeong HS, Suh SH, et al. The effects of an exercise program on anthropometric, metabolic, and cardiovascular parameters in obese children. Korean Circ J. 2010;40(4):179-84. [PubMed ID: 20421958]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC2859335]. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2010.40.4.179.
-
25.
Rubio-Guerra AF, Vargas-Robles H, Ayala GV, Escalante-Acosta BA. Correlation between circulating adhesion molecule levels and albuminuria in type 2 diabetic normotensive patients. Med Sci Monit. 2007;13(8):CR349-52. [PubMed ID: 17660723].
-
26.
Lv A, Tu Z, Huang Y, Lu W, Xie B. Circulating exosomal miR-125a-5p as a novel biomarker for cervical cancer. Oncol Lett. 2021;21(1):54. [PubMed ID: 33281965]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC7709555]. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.12316.
-
27.
Sun YM, Lin KY, Chen YQ. Diverse functions of miR-125 family in different cell contexts. J Hematol Oncol. 2013;6:6. [PubMed ID: 23321005]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3566921]. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-8722-6-6.
-
28.
Gareri C, Iaconetti C, Sorrentino S, Covello C, De Rosa S, Indolfi C. miR-125a-5p Modulates Phenotypic Switch of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Targeting ETS-1. J Mol Biol. 2017;429(12):1817-28. [PubMed ID: 28502794]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2017.05.008.
-
29.
Chen F, Liu H, Wu J, Zhao Y. miR-125a Suppresses TrxR1 Expression and Is Involved in H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Endothelial Cells. J Immunol Res. 2018;2018:6140320. [PubMed ID: 30225271]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC6129346]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6140320.
-
30.
Lambers S, Van Laethem C, Van Acker K, Calders P. Influence of combined exercise training on indices of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes patients. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(6):483-92. [PubMed ID: 18511528]. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215508084582.
-
31.
Cauza E, Hanusch-Enserer U, Strasser B, Ludvik B, Metz-Schimmerl S, Pacini G, et al. The relative benefits of endurance and strength training on the metabolic factors and muscle function of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(8):1527-33. [PubMed ID: 16084803]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2005.01.007.
-
32.
Ahn N, Kim K. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in cardiovascular disease: effect of exercise training. Integr Med Res. 2016;5(3):212-5. [PubMed ID: 28462120]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC5390423]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2016.07.001.
-
33.
Tosheska Trajkovska K, Topuzovska S. High-density lipoprotein metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport: strategies for raising HDL cholesterol. Anatol J Cardiol. 2017;18(2):149-54. [PubMed ID: 28766509]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC5731265]. https://doi.org/10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2017.7608.
-
34.
Hallmark R, Patrie JT, Liu Z, Gaesser GA, Barrett EJ, Weltman A. The effect of exercise intensity on endothelial function in physically inactive lean and obese adults. PLoS One. 2014;9(1). e85450. [PubMed ID: 24465565]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3896361]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085450.