Investigation of Interaction between Deferoxamine and Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field on Angiogenesis in Chick Embryo

authors:

avatar Atena Dashtizadeh 1 , avatar Javad Baharara ORCID 2 , *

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Biology, Research Center for Animal Developmental Applied Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: Vol.17, issue 2; e1992
published online: January 26, 2015
article type: Research Article
received: April 30, 2013
accepted: May 15, 2013

How To Cite Dashtizadeh A, Baharara J. Investigation of Interaction between Deferoxamine and Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field on Angiogenesis in Chick Embryo. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2015;17(2):e1992. 

Abstract

Background:

Deferoxamine (DFO) is an iron chelator. In the present research, the synergic effects of deferoxamine and electromagnetic field (with 50 H frequency and 100 Gauss intensity) on angiogenesis of chick chorioallantoic membrane were investigated.

Materials and Methods:

In this experimental study 80 fertilized egg used and randomly divided 8 group: control group, laboratory control groups of 1 and 2, experimental group 1 (treatment with electromagnetic field), 2 and 3 (treatment with deferoxamine 10, 100 µmol, respectively), 4 and 5 (treatment both deferoxamine 10 and 100 µmol respectively and electromagnetic field). On 8th day of incubation, 2 and 4 groups were incubated with 10 µL deferoxamine and for 3 and 5 groups were incubated with 10 µL deferoxamine 100 µmol. On 10th day, 1, 4 and 5 groups were put in electromagnetic field. On 12th day, the number and length of vessels in all samples was measured by Image J software. Data were analyzed by SPSS-19, ANOVA and t-test.

Results:

The mean number and length of vessels in the control and experimental cases did not show any significant differences. Comparison between mean number of vessels in the control and group 2, 3, 4, 5 showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) and groups 2 and 4 was showed a significant decrease in the mean length of vessels compared with the controls (p<0.05).

Conclusion:

Using deferoxamine with low frequency electromagnetic field (50 Hz and 100 G) cause inhibition of angiogenesis in chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane.

Introduction

Growth and development of new blood vessels through sprouting or existing endothelial cells lead to the formation of complex and larger vascular system which is called angiogenesis [1]. This process needs to degradation of extracellular matrix, proliferation and migration of endothelial cells [2]. Angiogenesis plays an important role in different pathologic conditions like growth and tumor metastasis, rheumatoid arthritis and also in physiologic processes like organs' development, wound healing, and reproduction [3]. Researchers believed that for inducing angiogenesis in physiologic and pathologic condition which is depended on different steps, hypoxia of tissue has very important role [4]. In such a way, hypoxiated tissue starts synthesis and releasing angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [5]. Among other important angiogenic factors, we can name fibroblast growth factor, angiopoietin and the platelet-derived growth factor [6]. Deferoxamine (DFO) is an iron chelator, and derived from actinobacter Streptomyces pilosus, exerts an iron-chelating action. DFO is clinically used as an iron-chelating drug in diseases of iron overload and make complex with iron ions. This drug also affects angiogenesis and induced VEGF augmentation is mediated through HIF-1 α activation via inhibiting prolyl 4-hydroxylase [7]. Richards et al. also showed that iron depletion by iron chelators specially deferoxamine in some cancerous cells lead to different expression some of molecular involved in cells cycle and so, due to the iron depletion, apoptosis is induced [8]. Wide distribution and application of pulses electromagnetic producing vehicles in daily life attracted the attention of many researchers to the evaluation of the effects of these waves on the growth and development of living organisms [9]. Research on the biological effects of low frequency electromagnetic fields, forms an important group of findings that are based on field type, intensity and their execution time which has different effects on the growth and development processes of living organisms [10, 11]. Also, many studies show that electromagnetic field, through change in function or cells' functional processes, induces different responses in living organisms like effect on cell proliferation and differentiation, disorder in cell cycle, induction of planned death, disorder in intracellular interactions, DNA transcription, gene expression and free radical production [12]. Low frequency electromagnetic fields are applied as treatment for some specific pathologic conditions like bone fractures, skin ulcers, migraines [13]. Also changes in gene expression, interactions and cellular communications are among samples which are affected by electromagnetic fields and induced angiogenesis disorders [14]. In present study, this question is answered whether synergic application of deferoxamine with low frequency electromagnetic field has a significant effect on angiogenesis or not? In present study, synergic effects of electromagnetic field with 50 Hz frequency and 100 G intensity with 10 and 100 µmol deferoxamine on angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membrane had studied.

Materials and Methods

This experimental study was done in research laboratory of animal development in biology department of Mashhad Islamic Azad University in 2011. Eighty fertilized Ross eggs held in an incubator with 38ºC temperature and 65% moisture. In day 2 of incubation, windows were opened for eggs under sterile condition (Laminair flow, Teslar AV-100, Spain) and fertilized eggs were divided into 8 random groups including: control (that were held in normal condition), laboratory control 1 (treatment with normal saline), laboratory control 2 (that were placed in electromagnetic field, but in turn of position), experimental groups 1 (treatment with low frequency electromagnetic field and 100 G intensity 2) treatment with 10 µmol deferoxamine 3) treatment with 100 µmol deferoxamine 4) treatment with 10 µm deferoxamine, low frequency electromagnetic field and 100 G intensity 5) treatment with 100 µmol deferoxamine, low frequency electromagnetic field and 100 G intensity (Fig. 1). In day 8 incubation, windows were removed in a completely sterilized conditions and a gelatine sponge with 1×4×4 (mm) diameter was placed on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). This gelatin sponge (it was a combination of albumen and agar solution in normal saline in equal proportion) made in a sterile conditions. In 8 day incubation, 10 µL deferoxamine 10 µmol in the experimental groups of 2, 4 and 10 µL deferoxamine 100 µM in the experimental groups 3 and 5 were added to gelatin sponge (deferoxamine powder, solved in 100 mL normal saline). Then windows were covered once again and eggs were returned to incubator. Formation of chorioallantoic membrane starts on fifth day incubation and on eighth day it occupies a half of eggs inner width. On this day, heart is formed completely and separation of vein and artery blood happened. So, treatment of vascular system may be started on eighth incubation day. On 10 day, 1, 4, and 5 group’s samples were placed in an electromagnetic field system for four hours. This electromagnetic field generator system (designed by Baharara and Ashraf at Mashhad Islamic Azad University) is nourished by a cooper coil from urban electric system. Coil is placed in urban electric current route with 50 Hz frequency and resistor three 200 volts voltage that the intensity of entering electric current to coil is adjusted by them. this coil is able to supply electromagnetic field intensity between 10 to 400 G. Field intensity was calibrated by gausmeter and temperature and moisture condition were supplied by the use of incubation system designed same as incubator. On 12 day, photographed (by photo-stereomicroscope, Zeiss, Germany) at 0.65×10×4 magnification evaluated data include the number and length of vascular was measured for all samples by the use of image J software in a 15 inches monitor. Then obtained data were analyzed by the use of SPSS-19, t-test and ANOVA, in p<0.05 level.

Results

The mean of number (65.75±11.26) and length (222.74±31.688 mm) of vascular in control group in comparison to mean of the number (61.61±16.15) and length (218.92±28.612 mm) of vascular of laboratory control 1 group had no significant difference. The mean of the number (69.25±10.57) and length (218.48±21.228 mm) of vascular in laboratory control 2 group in comparison to control group had no significant difference. The mean of the number (66.8±12.25) and the length (232.42±18.65 mm) of vascular of the experimental 1group in comparison to control group had no significant difference. The mean of the number (47.25±12.10) and length (186.07±23.73 mm) of vascular in experimental 3 group in comparison to control group had a significant difference (p=0.027). The mean of the number of vascular in experimental group 3 (44.52±17.21) in comparison to control group showed a significant difference (p=0.006) but the mean of the length of the samples in experimental 3 group in comparison to control group had no significant difference. The mean of the number (38.93±7.63) and the length (185.63±32.527 mm) of vascular in experimental 4 group in comparison to control group showed a significant difference (p=0.001) the mean of the number (45.42±8.52) of vascular in experimental 5 group in comparison to control group showed a significant difference (p=0.01) but the mean of the length of the samples in experimental 5 group in comparison to control group had no significant difference (Fig. 2, 3).

Discussion

Obtained results in present study on the synergic effects of deferoxamine and low frequency electromagnetic field with 100 G intensity on angiogenesis in chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane of prove the exasperating effect of 100 G electromagnetic field on inhibit vessel growth by 10 and 100 µmol/L deferoxamine which. This result was observed in form of a significant decrease in the number and length of vascular treated samples with 10 mol/L deferoxamine and electromagnetic field and also a significant decrease in the number of vascular in 100 µm/L deferoxamine and 100 G electromagnetic field. Angiogenesis is the growth and development of new blood vessels through the sprouting of endothelial cells of existing vessels [15].

Control, laboratory control 1 (treatment with normal saline), laboratory control 2 (treatment in electromagnetic field generator in off state), experimental group 1 (treatment with 100 G electromagnetic field), experimental group 2 (treatment with 10 µmol/L deferoxamine), experimental group 3 (treatment with 100 µmol/L deferoxamine), experimental group 4 (simultaneous treatment of 10 µmol/L deferoxamine and 100 G electromagnetic field), experimental group 5 (simultaneous treatment of 100 µmol/L deferoxamine with 100 G electromagnetic field).
Control, laboratory control 1 (treatment with normal saline), laboratory control 2 (treatment in electromagnetic field generator in off state), experimental group 1 (treatment with 100 G electromagnetic field), experimental group 2 (treatment with 10 µmol/L deferoxamine), experimental group 3 (treatment with 100 µmol/L deferoxamine), experimental group 4 (simultaneous treatment of 10 µmol/L deferoxamine and 100 G electromagnetic field), experimental group 5 (simultaneous treatment of 100 µmol/L deferoxamine with 100 G electromagnetic field).
Figure 1.

Control, laboratory control 1 (treatment with normal saline), laboratory control 2 (treatment in electromagnetic field generator in off state), experimental group 1 (treatment with 100 G electromagnetic field), experimental group 2 (treatment with 10 µmol/L deferoxamine), experimental group 3 (treatment with 100 µmol/L deferoxamine), experimental group 4 (simultaneous treatment of 10 µmol/L deferoxamine and 100 G electromagnetic field), experimental group 5 (simultaneous treatment of 100 µmol/L deferoxamine with 100 G electromagnetic field).

Comparison of the average of the number of vascular divergences in control, laboratory control, and experimental groups; *p<0.05
Comparison of the average of the number of vascular divergences in control, laboratory control, and experimental groups; *p
Figure 2.

Comparison of the average of the number of vascular divergences in control, laboratory control, and experimental groups; *p<0.05

Comparison of the average vascular length in control, laboratory control, and experimental groups; *p<0.05
Comparison of the average vascular length in control, laboratory control, and experimental groups; *p
Figure 3.

Comparison of the average vascular length in control, laboratory control, and experimental groups; *p<0.05

Growth process depends on extended reactions among different molecules and cells and is controlled by peptides and different adjusting factors [16]. VEGA pro-angiogenic factor plays an important role in angiogenesis. VEGA and its receptors are angiogene key mediates and they are also purpose for several pharmacological agents [17]. Deferoxamine is an iron chelator, which is used for treatment of iron overload diseases. It also affects vessel growth phenomenon. Ikeda et al. reported that deferoxamine has pro-angiogenic effects which lead to the stimulation of new vessels' growth. Deferoxamine with eNOS phosphorylation through P13K-AKT pathway lead to endothelial cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. It should be said that in Ikeda's study deferoxamine effects have been evaluated in vivo condition and on rat and in form of drug daily injection and in vitro on human aortic endothelial cells [18]. Obtained results from present study on deferoxamine effects on angiogenesis in chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (in vivo and injection on 8 day of incubation) were different from Ikeda's et al. findings [18]. In Kalinowski and Richardson study was shown that deferoxamine has had an antiproliferative activity against tumors' progress. This antiproliferative activity of deferoxamine has been known related to its effects on ribonucleoreductases enzyme that through iron decrease by deferoxamine and induction of disorder in the function of ribonucleoreductases enzyme and finally inhibit of DNA synthesis, inhibit proliferation of tumors and cells’ viability also decrease [19]. Also in Kim et al. study, it is shown that deferoxamine, through the decrease in expression of metalloproteinase matrix and caspases activation, leads to the induction of apoptosis [20]. Le and Richardson reported that deferoxamine, through inhibit cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) activities, inhibit phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (RB) and stopping Cycle recycling cyclin D1, and finally disorder in CDK-CD1 complex function causes stopping cell transition from G1 to S step in cell cycle [21]. It should be mentioned that in Kim et al., Le, Kalinowski study, deferoxamine effects in vitro condition and on cancerous cells are evaluated and present study results are correspond with Kalinowski and Richardson [19], Kim et al. [20], and Le and Richardson [21] results. While, in present study deferoxamine effect on chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane and in vivo (injection on 8 day of incubation) has been studied. Probable suggested mechanism for present study may be considered correspond with Kim et al., Le and Richardson, and Kalinowski and Richardson reports. As deferoxamine effect is depended on concentration and incubation time [22] and iron has an important role in cellular proliferation and differentiation [23]. Iron depletion by deferoxamine inhibits these processes [24], and in our study, significant decrease is observed in the number and the length of blood vessels. Pulse Electromagnetic effects on angiogenesis are detected formerly. Ruggerio reported to the significant inhibit of angiogenesis by a 0.2 T electromagnetic field [25]. Tsai et al. found that electromagnetic fields stimulate osteoblasts’ proliferation and differentiation in vitro condition [26]. Some important factors which cause 311 electromagnetic field different effects include: Field intensity, frequency, the time of exposure of electromagnetic field, and the genetics of the treated cases, too [27] While, that intensities like 100 and 300 G had no effect on Angiogenesis, but 200 G intensity caused inhibit vessel growth [28]. In this research it is observed that 100 G electromagnetic field with deferoxamine had inhibition effect on Angiogenesis which was along with significant decrease in the number and length of blood vessels. Based on this research, it can be concluded that a low frequency electromagnetic field and 100 G intensity may increase inhibitory effect of deferoxamine on angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membrane, in such a way that this effect has been observed in a form of more significant decrease in the mean of the number and length of blood vessels which were exposed to deferoxamine and electromagnetic field in comparison to the samples which were only exposed to deferoxamine. It is suggested that higher electromagnetic fields and higher dose deferoxamine to be used to reach to more and complete results.

Acknowledgements

References

  • 1.

    Karamysheva AF. Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2008;73(7):751-62. [PubMed ID: 18707583].

  • 2.

    Sottile J. Regulation of angiogenesis by extracellular matrix. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004;1654(1):13-22. [PubMed ID: 14984764]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2003.07.002.

  • 3.

    Makrilia N, Lappa T, Xyla V, Nikolaidis I, Syrigos K. The role of angiogenesis in solid tumours: an overview. Eur J Intern Med. 2009;20(7):663-71. [PubMed ID: 19818284]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2009.07.009.

  • 4.

    Harris AL. Angiogenesis as a new target for cancer control. EJC Supplements. 2003;1(2):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6349(03)00007-7.

  • 5.

    Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med. 2003;9(6):669-76. [PubMed ID: 12778165]. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0603-669.

  • 6.

    Bamias A, Dimopoulos MA. Angiogenesis in human cancer: implications in cancer therapy. Eur J Intern Med. 2003;14(8):459-69. [PubMed ID: 14962697]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2003.10.003.

  • 7.

    Beerepoot LV, Shima DT, Kuroki M, Yeo KT, Voest EE. Up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production by iron chelators. Cancer Res. 1996;56(16):3747-51. [PubMed ID: 8706019].

  • 8.

    Richardson DR, Kalinowski DS, Lau S, Jansson PJ, Lovejoy DB. Cancer cell iron metabolism and the development of potent iron chelators as anti-tumour agents. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1790(7):702-17. [PubMed ID: 18485918]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.04.003.

  • 9.

    Saito K, Suzuki H, Suzuki K. Teratogenic effects of static magnetic field on mouse fetuses. Reprod Toxicol. 2006;22(1):118-24. [PubMed ID: 16257173]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.08.003.

  • 10.

    Barnes FS, Greenebaum B. Biological and medical aspects of electromagnetic fields. 3rd ed. New York: CRC Press; 2007.

  • 11.

    Rochalska M. [The effect of electromagnetic fields on living organisms: plants, birds and animals]. Med Pr. 2007;58(1):37-48. [PubMed ID: 17571627].

  • 12.

    Baharara J, Zahedifar Z. The effect of low-frequency electromagnetic fields on some biological activities of animals. Arak Med Univ J. 2012;15(66):80-93.

  • 13.

    Shupak NM, Prato FS, Thomas AW. Therapeutic uses of pulsed magnetic-field exposure: a review. Radio Sci Bull. 2003;307:9-32.

  • 14.

    McKay JC, Prato FS, Thomas AW. A literature review: the effects of magnetic field exposure on blood flow and blood vessels in the microvasculature. Bioelectromagnetics. 2007;28(2):81-98. [PubMed ID: 17004242]. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20284.

  • 15.

    Alessi P, Ebbinghaus C, Neri D. Molecular targeting of angiogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004;1654(1):39-49. [PubMed ID: 14984766]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2003.08.001.

  • 16.

    Bikfalvi A, Bicknell R. Recent advances in angiogenesis, anti-angiogenesis and vascular targeting. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2002;23(12):576-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-6147(02)02109-0.

  • 17.

    Otrock ZK, Makarem JA, Shamseddine AI. Vascular endothelial growth factor family of ligands and receptors: review. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2007;38(3):258-68. [PubMed ID: 17344076]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcmd.2006.12.003.

  • 18.

    Ikeda Y, Tajima S, Yoshida S, Yamano N, Kihira Y, Ishizawa K, et al. Deferoxamine promotes angiogenesis via the activation of vascular endothelial cell function. Atherosclerosis. 2011;215(2):339-47. [PubMed ID: 21315355]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.01.009.

  • 19.

    Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. The evolution of iron chelators for the treatment of iron overload disease and cancer. Pharmacol Rev. 2005;57(4):547-83. [PubMed ID: 16382108]. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.57.4.2.

  • 20.

    Kim BS, Yoon KH, Oh HM, Choi EY, Kim SW, Han WC, et al. Involvement of p38 MAP kinase during iron chelator-mediated apoptotic cell death. Cell Immunol. 2002;220(2):96-106. [PubMed ID: 12657244].

  • 21.

    Le NT, Richardson DR. Potent iron chelators increase the mRNA levels of the universal cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(CIP1/WAF1), but paradoxically inhibit its translation: a potential mechanism of cell cycle dysregulation. Carcinogenesis. 2003;24(6):1045-58. [PubMed ID: 12807743]. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgg042.

  • 22.

    Kicic A, Chua AC, Baker E. Effect of iron chelators on proliferation and iron uptake in hepatoma cells. Cancer. 2001;92(12):3093-110. [PubMed ID: 11753989].

  • 23.

    Lieu PT, Heiskala M, Peterson PA, Yang Y. The roles of iron in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med. 2001;22(1-2):1-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0098-2997(00)00006-6.

  • 24.

    Buss JL, Torti FM, Torti SV. The role of iron chelation in cancer therapy. Curr Med Chem. 2003;10(12):1021-34. [PubMed ID: 12678674].

  • 25.

    Ruggiero M, Bottaro DP, Liguri G, Gulisano M, Peruzzi B, Pacini S. 0.2 T magnetic field inhibits angiogenesis in chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Bioelectromagnetics. 2004;25(5):390-6. [PubMed ID: 15197764]. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20008.

  • 26.

    Tsai MT, Chang WH, Chang K, Hou RJ, Wu TW. Pulsed electromagnetic fields affect osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in bone tissue engineering. Bioelectromagnetics. 2007;28(7):519-28. [PubMed ID: 17516509]. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20336.

  • 27.

    Zafar-Balanezhad S, Parivar K, Baharara J. The synergic effects of rapamycin and extremely low frequency electromagnetic field on angiogenesis. J Shahr-e-Kord Univ Med Sci. 2009;11(3):70-6.

  • 28.

    Baharara J, Ashraf AR, Balanejad S, Samareh-Mosavi S. The inhibitory effect of low frequency electromagnetic field (50HZ) on angiogenesis in choriolantoic membrane of chick. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2010;12(2):8-12.