1. Background
It is estimated that 130-150 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide and more than 350000 people die of HCV-related conditions including cirrhosis and liver cancer annually (1). Thalassemia is an important healthcare problem with approximately 18000 transfusion-dependent thalassemic patients in Iran (2). Patients with thalassemia major are at higher risk for acquisition of hepatitis C due to blood transfusion. Previous studies in Iran have demonstrated the prevalence of HCV in multiple-transfused thalassemic patients to be 8%-31% (3-5). Most of these HCV-infected patients started receiving blood before the introduction of the donor screening program for HCV in 1996 (6).
Treatment of chronic HCV infection in thalassemic patients is complicated by hepatic siderosis and ribavirin (RBV) dose reduction caused by RBV-induced anemia. Clinical trials investigating the efficacy of pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) and RBV in HCV-infected thalassemic patients demonstrated overall sustained virological response (SVR) rates ranging from 50% to 62% (7, 8). Moreover, the iron overload worsens the outcome of liver disease following multiple transfusion, often reducing the chance of achieving SVR. The majority of thalassemic patients who fail to achieve SVR following the first course of HCV treatment, are at risk of developing progressive liver disease in the long-term such as cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with the possibility of needing liver transplantation.
The currently recommended treatment regimen for patients with HCV genotype 1 infection is Peg-IFN in combination with RBV for 48 weeks. In contrast to patients without inherent hemoglobinopathy, RBV can induce life-threatening anemia in thalassemic patients and thus it is generally contraindicated in these patients. However, a recent study showed that adult thalassemic patients with HCV infection can be treated successfully with RBV (8).
Several clinical trials have shown that extending therapy to 72 weeks may increase SVR in patients with HCV genotype 1 infection who have not responded to a previous course of treatment (9-11). However, to date there are no published studies on the use of extended Peg-IFN-based therapy in HCV-infected thalassemic patients.
2. Objectives
In the present study, we recruited HCV genotype 1-infected thalassemic patients who had relapsed after a 48-week treatment with Peg-IFN plus RBV to evaluate the efficacy of a 72-week regimen of Peg-IFN plus RBV.
3. Patients and Methods
3.1. Patient Selection
In this retrospective study, 23 consecutive thalassemic patients with HCV genotype 1 infection who had previously relapsed after treatment with Peg-IFN and RBV for 48 weeks and still had detectable HCV RNA (> 50 IU/mL) in their serum were enrolled and evaluated at the Clinical Department of Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL) (Tehran, Iran) from the year 2011 to 2013. Patients were excluded if they had any of the following criteria: younger than 18 years of age, neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count < 1.0 × 109/L), thrombocytopenia (< 60 × 109/L), infection with hepatitis B virus or HIV, decompensated liver disease, serum creatinine greater than 1.5 times of the upper limit of normal and major psychiatric illness. Two patients received Peg-IFN alpha-2a (Pegasys, Roche, Basel, Switzerland) at a dose of 180 µg/week and the remaining were treated with Peg-IFN alpha-2b (PegIntron, Schering-Plough, Las Piedras, Puerto Rico, USA) at a dose of 1.5 µg/kg/week plus RBV (Copegus, Roche or Rebetol, Schering-Plough) 600-800 mg/day according to the patient’s hemoglobin level for 72 weeks. Patients with a hemoglobin level of 8-10 g/dL received 600 mg RBV, whereas those with hemoglobin level of over 10 g/dL received 800 mg RBV. All patients underwent percutaneous liver biopsy. Each biopsy specimen was evaluated according to the modified Knodell score grading and staging system.
3.2. Assessment of Safety
Patients were followed for 24 weeks after the end of treatment. Routine visits were scheduled every 4 weeks for evaluation of adverse events and probable dose adjustments. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level and complete blood count were checked at every visit and thyroid function tests were performed every 12 weeks. The HCV RNA level was measured before treatment and at weeks 4, 12, 24, 48 and 72 after starting treatment and also 24 weeks after the end of the treatment course. The HCV RNA level was determined using COBAS® TaqMan® HCV Test v2.0 (Roche Diagnostics) according to the manufacturer’s instructions with a detection limit of 10 IU/mL. Written consent was obtained from all patients. The study protocol was approved by the Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Review Board and was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.
3.3. Assessment of Efficacy
A rapid virological response (RVR) was defined as undetectable serum HCV RNA level at week 4 of treatment. Early virological response (EVR) was defined as undetectable HCV RNA level at week 12 (complete EVR) or at least a 2 log decrease in HCV RNA level (partial EVR). An end of treatment response (ETR) was defined as undetectable HCV RNA level at the end of treatment. The outcome of the treatment was achievement of a sustained virological response (SVR), which was defined as undetectable HCV RNA level 24 weeks after treatment completion. Relapse was defined as response to treatment with undetectable HCV RNA at the end of treatment and reappearance of HCV RNA within 24 weeks after treatment termination. Patients with an insufficient virological response at week 12 (a decrease of < 2 log 10 IU/mL from the baseline HCV RNA level) and a detectable HCV RNA level at week 24 of treatment were considered as having treatment failure and were withdrawn from the treatment.
3.4. Statistical Analysis
The data was analyzed using SPSS software (version 20.0). The independent t-test with bootstrap resampling was used for analysis of continuous variables. Fisher’s exact test and Monte Carlo simulation were used for comparison of group frequencies. P ≤ 0.05 were considered significant.
4. Results
A total of 23 thalassemic patients were enrolled in this study and two of them were excluded due to having the liver decompensation criteria. The demographic and other characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1. Overall, 17 (81.1%) patients were male and 10 (47.6%) patients had a high baseline HCV RNA level (> 800000 IU/mL), with a mean HCV RNA level of 1363560 IU/mL. Body mass index (BMI) was 21.4 ± 3.1 kg/m2 among the studied patients. Five (23.8%) patients carried the rs12979860 CC genotype and 16 (76.2%) patients carried the rs12979860 CT/TT genotypes. Liver fibrosis was mild to moderate in 15 (71.4%) patients, whereas 6 patients (28.6%) had cirrhosis.
At the end of treatment, nine (42.9%) patients had an undetectable HCV RNA. However, six months after treatment completion four cases relapsed and SVR was found in five (23.8%) patients. Early virological response (EVR) was obtained in seven (33.3%) patients. Of those who achieved EVR, five patients achieved SVR as well. The achievement of EVR provided a negative predictive value of 100%. The positive predictive value for achievement SVR was similar between patients with RVR (75%) and EVR (71%). Four (19.0%) patients relapsed following termination of treatment. In the total sample, treatment was discontinued in 13 (61.9%) patients prematurely. Treatment was withdrawn prematurely in 12 patients due to non-response and in one patient because of severe proteinuria.
The frequent reported adverse events by the patients were hair fall (90.5%), fever (85.7%), musculoskeletal pain (85.7%) and headache (71.4%) (Table 2). Of the 21 patients, one developed thrombocytopenia and one patient developed neutropenia, which led to Peg-IFN dose reduction and G-CSF administration. There was an average 47.9% increase in blood transfusion during therapy.
Efficacy data for each group of parameters were analyzed separately in the bivariate analysis of possible predictors versus SVR and are presented in Table 3. Patients without SVR tended to have higher baseline HCV RNA level compared to patients with SVR (6.18 vs. 5.67 log 10 IU/mL, P = 0.08), although this difference was not significant.
| Characteristics | Data |
|---|---|
| Gender, Male/Female | 17 (81)/4 (19) |
| Age, y | 29.7 ± 5.9 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.4 ± 3.1 |
| Baseline ALT, IU/L | 53.6 ± 36.3 |
| Serum ferritin, ng/mL | 831.8 ± 599.4 |
| rs12979860 | |
| CC | 5 (23.8) |
| Non-CC | 16 (76.2) |
| Histological findings | |
| Fibrosis stage 0-2 | 11 (52.4) |
| Fibrosis stage 3-4 | 4 (19.0) |
| Fibrosis stage 5-6 | 6 (28.6) |
| Serum HCV RNA, IU/mL | |
| < 800,000 | 11 (52.4) |
| ≥ 800,000 | 10 (47.6) |
a Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; HCV; hepatitis C virus.
b Data are presented as No. (%) or mean ± SD.
Table 2. Adverse Events of Treatment in Enrolled Patients (n = 21) a
| Adverse Events | Data |
|---|---|
| Neutropenia | 1 (4.8) |
| Thrombocytopenia | 1 (4.8) |
| Headache | 15 (71.4) |
| Insomnia | 9 (42.9) |
| Depression | 5 (23.8) |
| Weight loss | 5 (23.8) |
| Myalgia | 18 (85.7) |
| Nausea | 5 (23.8) |
| Diarrhea | 5 (23.8) |
| Cough | 7 (33.3) |
| Hair fall | 19 (90.5) |
| Pruritus | 4 (19) |
| Fever | 18 (85.7) |
a Data are presented as No. (%).
| Characteristics | SVR (-) (n = 16) | SVR (+) (n = 5) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | > 0.99 c | ||
| Male | 13 (81.3) | 4 (80.0) | |
| Female | 3 (18.8) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Age, y | 29.3 ± 5.4 | 32.2 ± 5.7 | 0.32d |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.0 ± 2.6 | 21.8 ± 5.1 | 0.75d |
| Baseline ALT, IU/L | 51.6 ± 29.0 | 50.0 ± 36.8 | 0.94d |
| Serum ferritin, ng/mL | 850.3 ± 647.1 | 780.2 ± 501.2 | 0.85d |
| rs12979860 | > 0.99c | ||
| CC | 4 (25.0) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Non-CC | 12 (75.0) | 4 (80.0) | |
| Histological findings | > 0.99c | ||
| Fibrosis stage 0-2 | 8 (50.0) | 3 (60.0) | |
| Fibrosis stage 3-4 | 3 (18.8) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Fibrosis stage 5-6 | 5 (31.3) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Serum HCV RNA, IU/mL | 0.64c | ||
| < 800,000 | 8 (50.0) | 3 (60.0) | |
| ≥ 800,000 | 8 (50.0) | 2 (40.0) | |
| EVR | 2 (12.5) | 5 (100) | <0.01c |
| RVR | 1 (6.3) | 3 (60.0) | 0.03c |
a Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; EVR, early virological response; RVR, rapid virological response; SVR, sustained virological response.
b Data are presented as mean ± SD or No. (%).
c Fisher exact test.
d t-test.
5. Discussion
To the best of our knowledge this is the first study that has determined SVR rate and predictors of response to prolonged chronic hepatitis C (CHC) treatment in thalassemic patients who relapsed after previous treatment with Peg-IFN and RBV. Transfusion-related infections especially chronic HCV infection increases the morbidity and mortality of thalassemic patients. Despite remarkable improvements in HCV treatment during the recent years, many thalassemic patients with chronic HCV infection still do not respond adequately to standard therapy. In our study, 23.8% of thalassemic patients with CHC achieved SVR when they were retreated with a prolonged course of Peg-IFN and RBV. This result is comparable to that described by Jacobson et al. (10) who found an SVR rate of 30% in non-thalassemic relapsers who were retreated with Peg-IFN alpha-2a and RBV. However, the obtained SVR rate in the present study was lower than the preliminary reports in naive, HCV genotype 1-infected thalassemic patients (62%) (7). Given that the population of the present study had treatment-resistant characteristics, namely previous treatment failure, infection with HCV genotype 1 and significant fibrosis (55% of patients had fibrosis stage > 2), the obtained results regarding achievement of SVR is remarkable.
The duration of antiviral therapy is one of the important factors influencing treatment outcome, especially in HCV genotype 1-infected patients. Some studies have demonstrated that the SVR rate for patients who achieved partial EVR can be improved with longer treatment duration. Alavian et al. (12) in a meta-analysis showed that a 72-week therapy in HCV genotype 1-infected patients with Peg-IFN and RBV is significantly superior to the standard 48-week therapy in slow-responders. Pearlman et al. (13) conducted a study in which patients who achieved partial EVR on therapy with Peg-IFN and RBV were randomized to receive a 48- or 72-week therapy. Although there was no difference in the end-of-treatment response between the two groups, the SVR rates were significantly higher in patients who received the extended regimen (38% vs. 18%; P = 0.026). Ide et al. (14) showed that extending treatment to 72 weeks significantly increased SVR rate in patients with HCV genotype 1b infection who had undetectable HCV RNA during weeks 16 to 24. In another study by Ferenci et al. (15) patients without RVR who achieved EVR were randomized to 48- or 72-week treatment groups. Extending therapy with Peg-IFN alfa-2a plus RBV to 72 weeks decreased the probability of relapse. Jensen et al. (11) also reported that in comparison with standard therapy, extending therapy to 72 weeks increased SVR rate from 9% to 16%.
The present study showed that similar to other HCV-treated populations, 75% of patients with RVR achieved SVR as well. It was shown that achieving RVR was dominant over all other variables at determining the likelihood of achieving SVR following Peg-IFN and RBV therapy (16). In this study, lack of EVR had a 100% negative predictive value for achieving SVR. Thus, a decision to discontinue HCV therapy in HCV-infected thalassemic patients may be made early during the course of treatment, preventing unnecessary adverse events and costs.
It was shown that SVR was significantly higher in thalassemic patients with CHC who received peg-IFN and RBV combination therapy compared to patients who were treated with Peg-IFN monotherapy (8). Ribavirin-associated hemolysis is the most important side effect of combination therapy in thalassemic patients, which leads to a greater need for transfusion and increased risk of iron overload (17, 18). Overall, transfusion requirements rose by 47% in the present study which is consistent with the studies by Telfer et al. (19), Harmatz et al. (20) and Tabatabaei et al. (8), where the rate of blood transfusion was increased by 41%, 44% and 50%, respectively.
Recent studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs12979860 and rs8099917 on chromosome 19q13.13 near the IFNL3 (IL28B) gene as markers associated with a higher SVR rate in HCV genotype 1-infected patients (21-24). Recently Di Marco et al. (25) showed that favorable genotypes of IL28B were independently associated with SVR in HCV-infected thalassemic patients who were treated with IFN. In contrast to their study, we found that rs12979860 SNP would not determine final treatment outcome in thalassemic patients with HCV genotype 1 infection. This contradiction might be due to the small sample size of our study.
Several direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs) have been developed which show potent activity against HCV and incrementally improve the rate of SVR even in patients with difficult-to-treat CHC. These drugs are safe with minimal side-effects. Given that the new drugs have high costs, they may not be affordable in low-income countries. As a result the conventional Peg-IFN and RBV dual therapy should be considered as a first-line regimen for CHC up to the next future in developing countries.
The main limitation of this study was its small sample size, which renders our findings less conclusive. The other limitation of the present study was its retrospective design which limited the quality of the obtained results.
In summary, the data of this study suggest that thalassemic patients with HCV genotype 1 infection, who did not achieve SVR after a course of therapy with Peg-IFN, may benefit from an extended 72-week therapy, even if they have apparently unfavorable predictors such as advanced hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis. Further randomized controlled trials are required to evaluate the efficacy of Peg-IFN/RBV prolonged treatment in thalassemic patients with HCV infection.
