1. Introduction
Septochoanal polyp that originates from the mucosa of the nasal septum and extends into the choana is relatively rare (1, 2). Various histologic changes, such as epithelial atypia and squamous metaplasia may occur in the respiratory epithelium covering nasal polyps. However, metaplastic ossification of nasal polyps is extremely rare (3, 4). To the best of our knowledge, septochoanal polyp with metaplastic ossification has not been reported in the literature. Herein, we describe this rare clinical presentation of a huge septochoanal polyp with metaplastic ossification obstructing both the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. This case report was approved by the institutional review board of Pusan national university hospital.
2. Case Presentation
A 77-year-old man presented with gradually progressive nasal obstruction of both sides for 20 years. There was no history of nasal discharge and no sign of allergy. The endoscopic examination revealed obstruction of the posterior choanae by a huge mass of both nasal cavities filling the entire nasopharynx and extending into the oropharynx (Figure 1). A computed tomography (CT) scan of the paranasal sinuses showed a multi-lobulated soft tissue lesion with adjacent bony remodeling and diffuse irregular ossification in both posterior nasal cavities, the nasopharynx, and oropharynx (Figure 2A-C). On magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, metaplastic ossification had heterogeneous high signal intensity on T1-weighted (T1W) images and low signal intensity on T2-weighted (T2W) images with mild reticular enhancement (Figure 2D-F). Haziness was also noted in frontal, ethmoidal, and maxillary sinuses. Endoscopic sinus surgery was performed under general anesthesia. The pedicle of the mass was identified on the right posterior nasal septum (Figure 3A). The base of the lesion including the healthy mucosa around it was removed and cauterized using suction cautery for prevention of recurrence. The mass was removed via the oropharynx (Figure 3B). Histopathologic examination showed a benign nasal polyp with extensive metaplastic bone formation in the stroma (Figure 4). According to the operative and histopathologic findings, this case was diagnosed as a septochoanal polyp with metaplastic ossification. The patient had an uneventful recovery and nasal obstruction disappeared. Endoscopic examinations performed 6 months postoperatively demonstrated no evidence of recurrence.
Figure 1.
A 77-year-old man with gradually progressive nasal obstruction. A, Right and B, Left nasal endoscopy shows a huge polypoid mass (M) in the nasal cavity obstructing the posterior choanae; C, Oral cavity examination reveals the mass extending into the oropharynx.
Figure 2.
A -C, Enhanced CT of paranasal sinuses shows a large, lobulated mass with diffuse irregular ossification (arrows in A, B, and C) in the bilateral posterior nasal cavities, nasopharynx, and oropharynx; D -F, Metaplastic ossification shows heterogeneous high signal intensity on T1WI and low signal intensity on T2WI with mild reticular enhancement (arrows in D,E and F). Sinusitis is also seen in the left maxillary sinus as low density on CT, low signal intensity on T1WI, and strong high signal intensity on T2WI with no contrast enhancement.
Figure 3.
Intraoperative findings. A, The pedicle (arrow) of the mass (M) originates from the posteroinferior portion of the nasal septum (NS) and extends down to the oropharynx; B, A 5×3×7 cm sized mass is removed via the oropharynx.
Figure 4.
Histopathologic findings of septochoanal polyp with metaplastic ossification. A, The polyp is composed of a myxohyaline stroma covered by respiratory epithelium. It shows inflammatory cell infiltration and central degenerative change (H&E, × 100); B, The polyp shows metaplastic ossification (MO) (H&E, × 40).
3. Discussion
Nasal polyps are the most common expansile lesions in the nasal cavity. They are formed by accumulation of fluid in the deeper lamina propria of the Schneiderian mucosa. Almost all nasal polyps originate from the mucosa of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity or from the paranasal sinuses (1). Septochoanal polyp is a rare entity that originates from the mucosa of the nasal septum with choanal extension. Septochoanal polyps are benign, unilateral, and invade the posterior nasal cavity through the nasopharynx (2). The most common site of their origin is mainly the superior aspect of the posterior portion of the nasal septum (1, 2, 5). However, in our case, the polyp originated from the posteroinferior portion of the nasal septum with a thin pedicle and extended down to the oropharynx. Although heterotrophic bone formation (osseous metaplasia) has been described in many parts of the body, it is an extremely uncommon finding in nasal polyps. The pathogenesis of nasal polyp with metaplastic ossification is still unknown. It is presumed that pluripotent cells, which are either present in the stroma of the polyp or dedifferentiated from cells present in the polyp, may later differentiate along an osteoblastic lineage leading to ossification (3, 4, 6).
The typical symptom of nasal polyp with metaplastic ossification is unilateral nasal obstruction. Occasionally, patients present with bilateral nasal obstruction, anosmia, and headache (3, 4). In this case, the patient complained of nasal obstruction on both sides, because nasopharynx was obstructed by a huge septochoanal polyp with metaplastic ossification.
Detection of the polyp origin by nasal endoscopy is important for the diagnosis of septochoanal polyp. However, radiologic examination is useful and essential for the diagnosis of septochoanal polyp with metaplastic ossification (7). A variety of pathologic conditions may mimic septochoanal polyp with metaplastic ossification on CT and MR images. These pathologies include nontumorous conditions such as rhinolith and fungal ball, and tumorous conditions, such as inverted papilloma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, and fibroosseous lesions (7).
The treatment of septochoanal polyp with metaplastic ossification is surgical removal via endoscopic approach. The septochoanal polyp may be completely removed by endoscopic surgery, and resection of a small amount of healthy mucosa surrounding the origin of the pedicle is necessary for preventing recurrence (1, 2, 5).
Although septochoanal polyp is known to be very rare, it must be included in the differential diagnosis of nasal cavity mass. Furthermore, metaplastic ossification within septochoanal polyp should be considered in the benign-looking nasal cavity mass with centrally located radiodense materials on CT scans.
