1. Introduction
Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is a chronic autoimmune subepithelial disease that primarily affects the mucous membranes of patients older than 50 years of age, leading to mucosal blistering, ulceration, and resultant scarring in some organs. The disease occurs twice as frequently in females than males. The first lesion of MMP occurs once autoantibodies, directed against proteins within the basement membrane zone, acting with complement (C3), cause a subepithelial split and resultant vesicle formation. Antibodies against basement membrane antigens are known in cases of MMP (1-3). Lesions of MMP could involve any mucosal surface, however, the oral mucosa is involved in more than 80% of cases, seldom with scarring. The conjunctiva is the second most common site of involvement and might result in scarring and adhesions developing between the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, known as symblepharon (4-6).
Biopsy specimens should be taken for both routine and direct immunofluorescent (DIF) studies in patients with MMP. The biopsy for routine histology and DIF should be taken from the vesicle, edge of an ulcer, or erythema and tissue. Histopathology discloses sub-epithelial clefting with preservation of variable inflammation (7). In the DIF technique, MMP patient's biopsy specimens illustrate positive DIF studies for IgG, C3, and often IgA in 50% to 80% of cases. Management of MMP relies upon the severity and site of involvement. When the lesions are confined to the oral mucosa, use of systemic corticosteroids should be considered for short periods until steroid-sparing therapy can be instituted (3, 8).
Desquamative gingivitis (DG) is a descriptive term, indicating inflamed, fiery red, and peeling gingiva. Formation and rupture of a vesicle results in sloughing of the gingival epithelium. Consequently, the gingiva appears erythematous and often edematous. The patient's chief complaint is a burning sensation, pain, and spontaneous bleeding gums. Presence of dental plaque can aggravate the symptom of DG. Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical, non-pathognomonic term rather than a distinct diagnosis and may represent the oral clinical manifestation of various systemic mucocutaneous diseases. These include mucous membrane pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris or lichen planus (9).
2. Case Presentation
The patient, a 42-year-old female, presented to the oral Medicine department of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The patients' chief complaint was a burning sensation of the maxillary gingiva for about 6 months. The buccal aspect of the maxillary marginal and attached gingiva was erythematous and sloughing (Figure 1). There was no associated ocular, cutaneous, and genital lesion. In her medical history, the patient had asthma and consumed salbutamol spray 3 times a day and cetirizine q24 hours. The patient’s oral hygiene was poor because of difficulty in brushing, and bleeding on probing was positive. On the examination of gingiva, Nikolsky’s sign was negative. The other areas of her mouth were healthy. Based on the clinical pattern, differential diagnosis included mucous membrane pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, and bullous lichen planus.
Table 1.Reported Cases of Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid, Nikolsky’s Sign, DIF Results, and Oral Lesion (from 2010 to 2018)
| Study References/ year | Age (y)/Sex | Nikolsky's Sign | Diagnosis | Oral Lesion | DIF | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (16)/2010 | 60/M | Positive | Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid (BMMP) | Erythema, bleeding in attached gingiva and bleeding blisters | - | Topical corticosteroids, an antifungal drug |
| (17)/2011 | 75/F | - | MMP | Ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa, Erosions of the mucous membranes of the lip and tongue | Linear deposits of IgG in the basement membrane of the epidermis | Methyl-prednisolone pulse therapy at a dose of 1 gr/day |
| (5)/2012 | 45/F | Positive | MMP | Erosions lesion in marginal and attached gingiva | Linear deposition of IgG and C3 at the dermo-epidermal junction | Topical steroids and vitamin supplements for one month |
| (4)/2014 | 57/F | Positive | MMP | Blisterson gums | Linear deposition of IgG and C3 at the dermo-epidermal junction | Topical steroids and vitamin supplements for 1 month. |
| (18)/2015 | 42/M | - | MMP | Bright red lesion with diffused area of desquamation and erythema | IgG immunoglobulin in the basement membrane | Topical steroids Kenacort |
| (19)/2015 | 57/M | - | Oral Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid | Few bullae, erosions, and pseudomembrane-covered erosions on the right buccal mucosa | Linear band of IgG, IgA, and C3 at the epithelial BMZ | Oral prednisolone, Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) at a dose of2 g/kg/cycle |
| (20)/2016 | 64/F | Positive | MMP | Burning sensation and pain of the right upper gums and palate | - | Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide |
| 61/M | Positive | MMP | Chief complaint of pain and sensitivity of the mouth | - | Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide | |
| (1)/2016 | 41/M | Positive | MMP | Bleeding gums and burning sensation on gum | - | Oral prophylaxis and topical steroid application for 2 months |
| (21)/2016 | 60/F | Positive | MMP | Ruptured leaving painful ulcers and peeling of the gingiva | - | Taper the topical steroid application |
| 67/F | Positive | MMP | Blisters in the mouth occurring frequently for 3 months. Blisters ruptured to leave an ulcerated area | - | topical steroids | |
| (22)/2018 | 57/F | Positive | MMP | Gingiva bled on probing with no attachment loss | - | Topical corticosteroid, clobeta-sol propionate 0.05% |
Abbreviations: DG, Desquamative Gingivitis; DIF, Direct Immunofluorescence; F, Female; M, Male.
Figure 1.
Clinical view of the patient
After taking informed consent from the patient, given the desquamative pattern of the gingiva, an incisional biopsy of the affected area and its healthy periphery was taken. Another biopsy was taken from the healthy gingiva for the assessment by DIF studies. The reported histopathology was HSV infection. Stratified squamous epithelium with focal ulceration replaced by fibrino leukocytic exudates associated with extensive adjacent epithelial cell necrosis and acantholysis with herpes simplex virus (HSV) related cytopathic changes including ground glass nuclei, nuclear modeling and few multinucleated giant cells.
Because of the 6-month duration of the disease and its chronic pattern, HSV diagnosis was incompatible with the clinical pattern; thus, a blind review by another oral pathologist was performed. Furthermore, HSV was diagnosed based on histopathologic features. Another biopsy from the affected gingiva and surrounding healthy tissue was taken. Before repeating the biopsy, scaling and root planning of the gingiva was done in order to prevent the effect of inflammation on the biopsy examination.
In the second biopsy, histopathological features were compatible with mucous membrane pemphigoid. Microscopic examination showed a mucosal lesion composed of epithelial tissue, separated from the underlying connective tissue. Mild to moderate chronic inflammatory cells infiltration containing prominent plasma cells, lymphocytes, and intermixed with scattered neutrophils in the superficial connective tissue were also seen (Figure 2) yet the DIF study was negative for IgM, IgA and IgG in MMP. The DIF results were double checked to confirm proper diagnosis and prevent pathologist mistakes.
Figure 2.
Microscopic view of mucosal lesion
Based on the results, treatment was initiated with topical corticosteroid (triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% ointment in orabase (Teriadent, RAHA pharmaceutical Co., Iran) 3 times per day)) and nystatin solution 100000 U/ML (Emad Darman Pars Co., Iran). The patient was followed every 2 weeks for the first 1 month. The lesions improved considerably with topical steroids within 2 weeks from starting the treatment. The frequency of topical steroid application was tapered to once daily application for the next 10 days. Due to the frequent use of corticosteroid and the risk of candidial infection, nystatin was prescribed for the next 2 weeks of the treatment. Nystatin starts with the onset of corticosteroid treatment when potent topical steroid is used. A fungal infection may emerge and a parallel treatment with antifungal drugs may be necessary when the number of applications exceeds once a day. After the 1-year follow up, no recurrence was observed. In Figure 3, the comparison of the patient's gingiva before (Figure 3A) and after (Figure 3B) treatment is shown.
Figure 3.
Comparison of the patient's gingiva before (A) and after (B) treatment
3. Discussion
One of the typical clinical appearances of mucocutaneous diseases is desquamative gingivitis (10). Most cases of DG are known to be due to mucocutaneous conditions, like pemphigus, lichen planus, and pemphigoid. Other causes include allergic reactions to toothpastes/mouth rinses (plasma cell gingivitis), Crohn’s disease, psoriasis, and chronic ulcerative stomatitis. Desquamative gingivitis can be misdiagnosed with gingivitis and can lead to mistake in diagnosis and improper treatment of life-threatening dermatological diseases like pemphigus (11-13). Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid is a chronic autoimmune subepithelial disease that mainly affects mucous membranes of the body. The oral cavity is the first site or the only site of MMP involvement. The oral cavity's lesions are seen in almost all reported cases and in 48% of patients, oral cavity is the first site of involvement. When there is oral lesion, gingival involvement is seen in 100% of cases (1, 14).
The prevalence of disease in females is twice that of males. It affects patients that are older than 50 years. The primary lesion of MMP occurs when autoantibodies directed against proteins in the basement membrane zone, acting with complement (C3), cause a subepithelial split and subsequent vesicle formation. Antibodies against basement membrane antigens have been identified in cases of MMP (3).
In this case, the most challenging part was the histopathological features that were not compatible with clinical appearances. The problem was that at the time of biopsy examination, there was asymptomatic shedding of HSV in the oral cavity, which influences the histopathological feature and results in mistakes in the diagnosis. Furthermore, DG is a sign of some mucocutaneous disease and proper identification will result in an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management (5). The other issue, in this case, was the negative results of DIF test that could cause misdiagnosis. These 2 issues make the diagnosis of the disease more difficult. Therefore, a second biopsy examination had to be performed to confirm the accurate diagnosis. After prescribing topical corticosteroid and performing the precise scaling for the patients, the follow up and the healing process continued. Mignogna et al. reported that the Nikolsky’s sign in 72% of patients with MMP was positive (15). Table 1 summarizes the MMP cases with Nikolsky’s sign, DIF results, oral lesion, and treatment reported during 2010 up to now.
3.1. Conclusion
Mucous membrane pemphigoid, presenting as exclusive DG, is rare. Accurate diagnosis of the condition requires taking a detailed history, a complete intraoral and extraoral examination, with DIF and histopathologic studies. The gingival lesions are generally treated with topical corticosteroid therapy and improved oral hygiene measures.
