https://doi.org/10.5812/ijcm.87176

Inverse Entezar Weibull and Its Application in Identification of Influential Factors on the Survival of Patients with Blood Cancers

authors:

avatar Nazanin Ramezani ORCID 1 , avatar Naghmeh Khadembashi ORCID 2 , avatar Sina Salari ORCID 3 , avatar Abbas Hajifathali ORCID 3 , avatar Mostafa Faridizadeh ORCID 1 , avatar Ahmad Reza Baghestani ORCID 4 , *

Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
English Language Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biostatistics, Physiotherapy Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
International Journal of Cancer Management: Vol.13, issue 1; e87176
published online: January 26, 2020
article type: Research Article
received: December 8, 2018
revised: October 17, 2019
accepted: October 26, 2019

how to cite: Ramezani N, Khadembashi N, Salari S, Hajifathali A, Faridizadeh M, et al. Inverse Entezar Weibull and Its Application in Identification of Influential Factors on the Survival of Patients with Blood Cancers. Int J Cancer Manag. 2020;13(1):e87176. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijcm.87176.

Abstract

Background:

Blood cancer is a disease with a high burden level and a mortality rate of 2.8% which has a growing trend in Iran. For this reason, it is important to study the survival ratio of patients who were afflicted with this disease. The present study was conducted to determine the factors affecting the survival time of patients with various types of blood cancers.

Objectives:

This is a historical cohort study that examines the survival of patients with blood cancer who received bone marrow transplants in the presence of some explanatory variables.

Methods:

This descriptive-analytical study was performed on data extracted from files in the bone marrow transplant department, Taleghani Hospital, Tehran, Iran which is affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Patients who were candidates for a bone marrow transplant from all over the country (from 2007 to 2016) with different types of complaints were considered as the subjects of this study. Inverse Entezar Weibull model was used to analyze the survival time and investigate the factors affecting the survival of patients.

Results:

Of 99 patients, 20.1% died of a type of blood cancer. One-year, five-year and eight-year survival of patients were 90.2%, 76.6%, and 74.2%, respectively. Age at diagnosis time, number of relapses before bone marrow transplant, and the type of diagnosis were identified as factors affecting the survival time of patients with different types of blood cancer.

Conclusions:

This study showed that age factor at the time of diagnosis, the number of relapses before the bone marrow transplant, and the type of diagnosis were effective factors in the survival of patients with blood cancer.

1. Background

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report, more than 25 million people in the world are currently living with cance. More than 18.1 million people get afflicted with this disease, and about 9.6 million die of it. Cancer is the third leading cause of death in Iran. According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Control Program (NCCCP) report, it is estimated that more than 80000 new cases of cancer occur annually in the country, and more than 30000 die out of the disease in Iran (1-3).

Cancer is referred to as the unbridled process of cell division. Blood cancers affect the production and function of blood cells. Most of these cancers begin in the bone marrow where blood is manufactured. Stem cells mature in the bone marrow and develop into three groups of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets (PLTs).

In most blood cancers, the normal stages of development of blood cells are impaired by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal blood cells. Cancer cells inhibit many of the blood functions such as fighting infections and preventing severe bleeding. All in all, the blood cancers are caused by the impairment in the production and maturation of white blood cells (4-7).

Survival analysis is a collection of statistical methods for analyzing the study data at a specific time until the occurrence of the event (8). This branch of statistics is widely used nowadays in various disciplines, including medicine. The unique survival analysis feature is the use of censored data in analysis processes. “Censored” means that some participants of the study may not experience the event-under speculation for one reason or another (9). In survival analysis, nonparametric, semi-parametric, and parametric methods are used for the purpose of the study. In a parametric approach, it is assumed that the survival time follows a particular distribution and based on that distribution, analyses are performed. Among the parametric distributions, the Weibull model is more commonly used because of its uniform risk function. However, this model is not suitable for analyzing data that have a non-niche risk function. Inverse Entezar Weibull model is among the presented distributions (10).

2. Objectives

In the present study, the factors affecting the survival of patients with various types of cancers were investigated using this model.

3. Methods

The data used in this historical cohort study were extracted from the patients’ records of the Taleghani Hospital, Tehran, Iran in the bone marrow transplantation section. The patient record is formed with the patient’s basic information such as sex, age, height, weight and the like. After referring the patient to the hospital due to a variety of blood complaints types, the patient’s medical information are stored in their documents. After evaluating the patients, they receive bone marrow transplantation if necessary. The current study includes information about patients who referred to the hospital during the years 2007 to 2016. The final follow up was conducted by telephone in order to collect the patients’ survival time from March 2015 to August 2016. In the follow up process, if the patients had died, the cause and date of death were recorded, and if the patients were alive, we informed them that they would be invited to a counseling meeting for a more precise re-examination when needed. Regarding patients, the inclusion and exclusion criteria were not defined and all patients were included in the study.

A total of 492 records were registered. The Patients' information data in their records included sex, age, height, weight, blood type, type of disease, WBC, PLT, hemoglobin (HB), body surface (this value is used to determine many measurements in medicine, including the dosage setting and the amount of fluid required), the CD34 antigen, mononuclear cells (Total MNC) cells, the type of transplantation (from oneself and the others), the number of relapses before transplantation, the number of recurrence after transplantation, survival status and survival time by month. In this study, event variable is defined as survival time. The survival time is calculated by the difference between the initial event and the final event. The date of bone marrow transplantation was considered as the initial event and the date of the patients' death was defined as the end event. Since the follow-up of the patients’ survival was carried out by contacting the entered telephone numbers in their relevant form but many telephone numbers were not available, the survival status of this group of patients was monitored by referring to the registration office.

Patients whose deaths were not recorded in registration office were considered as censored data.

The registered types of blood cancers were as follows: multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia, anaplastic astrocytom, myelodysplastic syndrome, primitive neuroectodermal tumour, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and thalassemia. The types of transplantations were from the patient cells and from others. Due to the fact that the information required in this study was collected from patients’ files and these files were prepared for the purpose of this research, there was no ethical issues in this study. This study was conducted after obtaining permission from the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and presented to the Vice Chancellor of Student and Cultural Affairs of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Bone Marrow Transplantation Department of Taleghani Hospital (code: ir.sbmu.retech.rec.1396.966). In the present study, the Inverse Entezar Weibull is fitted with the blood cancer data; to fit the model and estimate the relevant parameters, SAS9.1.3 and version 2.13.0 of R software were utilized. In order to describe the data, charts were created using SPSS version 22.

4. Results

Among the subjects, 99 (20.1%) died of blood cancer and 393 (79.9%) survived, out of which 45% (18%) were female and 55% (22%) male. The incidence of mortality is stated in parentheses for both sexes. The mean age of the patients at the time of diagnosis was 38.17 years with a standard deviation of 14.027 and a range of 2 to 67 years for age. Most patients were less than 40 years old at the time of diagnosis. Of all the patients, 55% (81%) were under 40 years and 45% (79%) were more than 40 years old. The percentage of patients who survived after transplantation is presented in parentheses. Out of all the patients, 34% (14%) were affected by Hodgkin lymphoma, 33% (15%) by multiple myeloma, 13% (24%) by acute myeloid leukemia, 12% (26%) by non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and 8% (32%) by acute lymphoblastic leukemia; values in the parentheses show the degree of fatality of each diagnosis. Transplantation was performed through two methods of “from oneself” and “from someone else”. Eighty percent of all patients had “from someone else” method of transplantation, out of which 81% survived, and the remaining (20%) had “from oneself” method of transplantation, out of which 74% survived.

Sixty three percent (22%) of the patients experienced no relapse before receiving transplantation, 31% (15%) had one, and 4% (32%) experienced two relapses. The fatality rate in each number of the relapses is shown in brackets. Eighty three percent (15%) of the patients had no relapses, 16% (42%) had one, and 1% (60%) had 2 relapses after transplantation. The fatality rate in each number of the relapses occurring after transplantation is shown in brackets. The aforementioned information is presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

Specifications of the Participants in the Studya

VariableValues
Survival status
Died99 (20.1)
Survived393 (79.9)
Sex
Male271 (55)
Female221 (45)
Age at transplantation
< 40271 (55)
> 40221 (45)
Type of disease
Hodgkin lymphoma167 (34)
Multiple myeloma162 (33)
Acute myeloid leukemia65 (13)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma59 (12)
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia39 (8)
Type of transplantation
Autologous98 (20)
Allogeneic394 (80)
Number of relapses before transplantation
Zero319 (65)
Once153 (31)
Twice20 (4)
Number of recurrences after transplantation
Zero408 (83)
Once79 (16)
Twice5 (1)

aValues are expressed as No. (%).

Table 2 shows the distribution frequency of patients based on some variables in the study. Figure 1 illustrates Kaplan Mayer’s charts by distinguishing the levels of used variables in the research. After fitting the Inverse Entezar Weibull parametric model with gender variables, age at the time of transplantation, the number of relapses before transplantation, type of transplantation, and the type of diagnosis and parameters estimation, the results are summarized in Table 3. Based on the results, age variables at the time of transplantation, the type of diagnosis, and the number of relapses before transplantation have a meaningful relationship with the survival of patients with all types of blood cancers (P < 0.05).

Table 2.

The Descriptive Statistics of the Patients Based on Some Variablesa

VariableMinimumMaximumValues
WBC2001290006602.6 ± 8215.9
HB1.715.89.52 ± 1.38
PIT300038100061700 ± 56004.6
BSAb0.2256.0333.34 ± 0.83
CD34 antigen0.187.032.57 ± 7.66
Total MNC0.236.396.28 ± 2.58

Abbriviations: BSA, body surface; HB, hemoglobin; MNC, mononuclear cells; PIT, platelet; WBC, white blood cell.

aValues are expressed as mean ± SD.

bBody surface (m2) = √([height (cm) × weight (kg)]) / 3600)

Table 3.

The Inverse Entezar Weibull Analysis of Factors Affecting Survival

VariableEstimateSEP Value
Sex
Male-0.0050.1270.97
Femalea---
Age at transplantation, y-0.0130.0060.034
Type of transplantation
Autologous-0.0070.250.98
Allogeneica---
Number of relapses before transplantation-0.240.110.031
Type of disease
Hodgkin lymphoma0.4480.2620.087
Multiple myeloma0.6870.2940.01
Acute myeloid leukemia0.180.04<0.001
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma0.1630.2910.576
Acute lymphoblastic leukemiaa---

aRepresents the reference category.

Kaplan Mayer’s charts by levels of the variables. A, Sex; B, age at transplant; C, number of relapses before transplant; D, number of relapses after transplant; E, type of diagnosis; F, type of transplant.
Kaplan Mayer’s charts by levels of the variables. A, Sex; B, age at transplant; C, number of relapses before transplant; D, number of relapses after transplant; E, type of diagnosis; F, type of transplant.
Figure 1.

Kaplan Mayer’s charts by levels of the variables. A, Sex; B, age at transplant; C, number of relapses before transplant; D, number of relapses after transplant; E, type of diagnosis; F, type of transplant.

5. Discussion

Due to the importance of cancer as the principal health problem in Iran and the increasing rate of blood cancer mortality among Iranians, the present study was performed to assess the survival rate of patients with blood cancer who received bone marrow transplantation (1, 8, 9, 11-15). A total of 492 patients with a variety of blood cancers who received bone marrow transplantation between 2007 and 2016 were examined, using Inverse Entezar Weibull parametric model. Based on the results of this study, the effect of sex on the survival of patients was not significant. The findings of the present study were not in line with the studies carried out by Arcese et al., Mousavi et al., and Tahmasebi et al. (1, 16-25).

According to Figure 1A, the survival rate of female patients in this study is somewhat higher than that of male patients in some instances; however, this difference was not considered as statistically significant. According to the findings of this study, age was considered as a significant variable. Othus et al., Huebsch et al., and Youbi et al. also considered the age variable relevant to the patient survival in their study, which proved to be in line with the findings of the present study (26-28). Similarly, in a study conducted by Kent et al. (29) in 2009, adolescent and adult patients with blood cancer had lower survival rates compared with children. In general, despite the differences in the survival rate of different age groups, in the age group of adolescents and youngsters aged 15 - 29, improved survival rate was observed (30-41). According to this model, the number of relapses before receiving transplantation and the type of diagnosis were also significantly associated with survival of the patients. In the other study by Arcese et al. (17), “the number of relapses of patients after transplantation” was introduced as a significant factor. The “type of diagnosis” was introduced as a significant variable in the other study which was performed in California School of Bone Marrow Transplantation, and was in accordance with the findings of the present study (28).

In this study, for the first time, the survival of patients with blood cancers has been studied, using a parametric model (Inverse Entezar Weibull) in the presence of independent variables and censored data, which is the strength of the study. The incomplete information in some files was one of the limitations of this study. In addition, uncertainty about the survival of some patients resulted in their elimination.

In conclusion, based on the findings of this study, the parametric models are suggested to be used in the analysis of survival time due to the importance of cancer patients’ survival rate.

5.1. Conclusions

This study showed that factors of age at the time of diagnosis, number of relapses before the bone marrow transplant, and the type of diagnosis are the effective elements in the survival of patients with blood cancer.

References

  • 1.

    Mousavi SM, Gouya MM, Ramazani R, Davanlou M, Hajsadeghi N, Seddighi Z. Cancer incidence and mortality in Iran. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(3):556-63. [PubMed ID: 19073863]. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdn642.

  • 2.

    Comprehensive cancer program. 2018. Available from: https://phc.umsu.ac.ir.

  • 3.

    International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization. Latest global cancer data: Cancer burden rises to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths in 2018. 2018, [cited 2018 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.who.int/cancer/PRGlobocanFinal.pdf.

  • 4.

    Belson M, Kingsley B, Holmes A. Risk factors for acute leukemia in children: A review. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(1):138-45. [PubMed ID: 17366834]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC1817663]. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9023.

  • 5.

    Valbuena JR, Herling M, Admirand JH, Padula A, Jones D, Medeiros LJ. T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia involving extramedullary sites. Am J Clin Pathol. 2005;123(3):456-64. [PubMed ID: 15716243]. https://doi.org/10.1309/93P4-2RNG-5XBG-3KBE.

  • 6.

    Jemal A, Thun MJ, Ries LA, Howe HL, Weir HK, Center MM, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2005, featuring trends in lung cancer, tobacco use, and tobacco control. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(23):1672-94. [PubMed ID: 19033571]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC2639291]. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djn389.

  • 7.

    Mossoomy Z, Mesgari M. Detection of leukemia epidemiology in Iran using GIS and statistical analyses. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2008;32:441-8.

  • 8.

    Kleinbaum DG, Klein M. Survival analysis a self-learning text. Statistics for biology and health. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2001.

  • 9.

    Klein JP, Moeschberger ML. Survival analysis: Techniques for censored and truncated data. New York: Springer Science & Business Media; 2006.

  • 10.

    Doostmoradi A, Zadkarami M, Akhoond M, Khanjari Idenak A. A new inverse entezar weibull distribution. J Stat Sci. 2015;8(2):159-74.

  • 11.

    Akhoond MR, Kazemnejad A, Hajizadeh E, GAnbary Motlagh A, Zali MR. Comparison of influential factors affecting survival of patients with colon and rectum cancer using competing risks model. Koomesh. 2011;12(2):119-28.

  • 12.

    Almasi Z, Rafiemanesh H, Salehiniya H. Epidemiology characteristics and trends of incidence and morphology of stomach cancer in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(7):2757-61. [PubMed ID: 25854359]. https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.7.2757.

  • 13.

    Fazeli Z, Pourhoseingholi MA, Vahedi M, Abadi A, Fazeli Bavand-Pour FS, Baghestani AR. Leukemia cancer mortality trend in iran, from 1995 to 2004. Iran J Cancer Prev. 2013;6(3):170-3. [PubMed ID: 25250129]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4142927].

  • 14.

    Razi S, Rafiemanesh H, Ghoncheh M, Khani Y, Salehiniya H. Changing trends of types of skin cancer in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(12):4955-8. [PubMed ID: 26163621]. https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.12.4955.

  • 15.

    Zahedi A, Rafiemanesh H, Enayatrad M, Ghoncheh M, Salehiniya H. Incidence, trends and epidemiology of cancers in North West of Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(16):7189-93. [PubMed ID: 26514510]. https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.16.7189.

  • 16.

    Alebouyeh M, Vossough P. Hodgkin disease in Iranian children. Eur J Pediatr. 1993;152(1):21-3. [PubMed ID: 8444201]. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02072511.

  • 17.

    Arcese W, Goldman JM, D'Arcangelo E, Schattenberg A, Nardi A, Apperley JF, et al. Outcome for patients who relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia. Chronic leukemia working party. European Bone Marrow Transplantation Group. Blood. 1993;82(10):3211-9. [PubMed ID: 7693042].

  • 18.

    Goldman L, Schafer AI. Goldman's cecil medicine E-book. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2011.

  • 19.

    Braunwald E, Benlloch IN. Harrison avances en enfermedades cardiovasculares. USA: McGraw-Hill Interamericana; 2003.

  • 20.

    Karimi M, Yarmohammadi H, Ghavanini AA, Kumar PV. Epidemiological surveillance of pediatric Hodgkin's disease in southern Iran. Med Sci Monit. 2002;8(8):CR572-5. [PubMed ID: 12165744].

  • 21.

    Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BMD. Nelson textbook of pediatrics e-book. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2007.

  • 22.

    Mousavi SM, Ramazani R, Davanloo M, Hajsadeghi N, Jalal R, Ramezan Shirazi M. National cancer registry report 2005-2006. Iran: Ministry of Health, Deputy to Health Directory, Tehran, Iran; 2008.

  • 23.

    Mousavi SM, Pourfeizi A, Dastgiri S. Childhood cancer in Iran. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2010;32(5):376-82. [PubMed ID: 20588194]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPH.0b013e3181e003f7.

  • 24.

    Nazario A, Amato RJ, Hutchinson L, Bui C, Ellerhorst J, Logothetis CJ. Paclitaxel in extensively pretreated nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. Urol Oncol. 1995;1(5):184-7. [PubMed ID: 21224115]. https://doi.org/10.1016/1078-1439(95)00064-x.

  • 25.

    Tahmasebi B, Mahmoudi M, Yahya Pour Y, Jamshidi M, Halakoie Naini K. Determination and comparison of incidence rate and trend of morbidity of leukemia and lymphoma in Mazandaran Province (1376-1382). J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2006;16(54):87-9.

  • 26.

    Huebsch L, Toze C, Roy J, McDiarmid S, Fergusson D, Hutton B, et al. Low hemoglobin level pre-BMT is associated with higher RBC transfusion rates and poorer survival in allogeneic BMT recipients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2005;11(2):40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2004.12.115.

  • 27.

    Othus M, Barlogie B, Leblanc ML, Crowley JJ. Cure models as a useful statistical tool for analyzing survival. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(14):3731-6. [PubMed ID: 22675175]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3744099]. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2859.

  • 28.

    U.C.L.A. Bone Marrow Transplant Team. Bone-marrow transplantation in severe aplastic anaemia. The Lancet. 1976;308(7992):921-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(76)90889-8.

  • 29.

    Kent EE, Sender LS, Largent JA, Anton-Culver H. Leukemia survival in children, adolescents, and young adults: influence of socioeconomic status and other demographic factors. Cancer Causes Control. 2009;20(8):1409-20. [PubMed ID: 19496000]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC2746889]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-009-9367-2.

  • 30.

    Birch JM, Pang D, Alston RD, Rowan S, Geraci M, Moran A, et al. Survival from cancer in teenagers and young adults in England, 1979-2003. Br J Cancer. 2008;99(5):830-5. [PubMed ID: 18728673]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC2528159]. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604460.

  • 31.

    Bleyer A, Viny A, Barr R. Cancer in 15- to 29-year-olds by primary site. Oncologist. 2006;11(6):590-601. [PubMed ID: 16794238]. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.11-6-590.

  • 32.

    Evans K, Costabile RA. Time to development of symptomatic urinary calculi in a high risk environment. J Urol. 2005;173(3):858-61. [PubMed ID: 15711293]. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000152578.07262.1c.

  • 33.

    Fagundes EM, Rocha V, Gloria AB, Clementino NC, Quintao JS, Guimaraes JP, et al. De novo acute myeloid leukemia in adults younger than 60 years of age: socioeconomic aspects and treatment results in a Brazilian university center. Leuk Lymphoma. 2006;47(8):1557-64. [PubMed ID: 16966267]. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428190600627055.

  • 34.

    Feltbower RG, McNally RJ, Kinsey SE, Lewis IJ, Picton SV, Proctor SJ, et al. Epidemiology of leukaemia and lymphoma in children and young adults from the North of England, 1990-2002. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(3):420-7. [PubMed ID: 19004628]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2008.09.020.

  • 35.

    Ford JG, Howerton MW, Lai GY, Gary TL, Bolen S, Gibbons MC, et al. Barriers to recruiting underrepresented populations to cancer clinical trials: A systematic review. Cancer. 2008;112(2):228-42. [PubMed ID: 18008363]. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23157.

  • 36.

    Galobardes B, Shaw M, Lawlor DA, Lynch JW, Davey Smith G. Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 1). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(1):7-12. [PubMed ID: 16361448]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC2465546]. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.023531.

  • 37.

    Guidry JJ, Aday LA, Zhang D, Winn RJ. Cost considerations as potential barriers to cancer treatment. Cancer Pract. 1998;6(3):182-7. [PubMed ID: 9652250]. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-5394.1998.006003182.x.

  • 38.

    Horner MJ, Ries LAG, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Aminou R, Howlader N, et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2006. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2009.

  • 39.

    Pulte D, Gondos A, Brenner H. Improvement in survival in younger patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia from the 1980s to the early 21st century. Blood. 2009;113(7):1408-11. [PubMed ID: 18974371]. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-06-164863.

  • 40.

    Ward E, Halpern M, Schrag N, Cokkinides V, DeSantis C, Bandi P, et al. Association of insurance with cancer care utilization and outcomes. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58(1):9-31. [PubMed ID: 18096863]. https://doi.org/10.3322/CA.2007.0011.

  • 41.

    Zebrack B. Information and service needs for young adult cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer. 2009;17(4):349-57. [PubMed ID: 18543006]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-008-0469-2.