Abstract
Background:
Colorectal cancer is one major health problem and cancer-related cause of death in cancer patients in countries such as Iran where the most cases are diagnosed in advanced stages.Objectives:
To evaluate the incidence and severity of toxic effects in colorectal cancer patients who have been treated with two different schedules of combination of oxaliplatin and bolus/infusional 5-fluorouracil with leucovorin (FOLFOX) and to compare them.Methods:
Medical records of 458 patients with colorectal cancer treated with FOLFOX 4 and modified FOLFOX 6 regimen between 2005 and 2014 were reviewed. Data from 96 eligible patients were analyzed. Fifty-six patients (58.3%) received FOLFOX 4 and 40 patients (41.7%) received modified FOLFOX 6.Results:
The study included 96 patients, 39 of whom were males (40.6%) and 57 of whom were females (59.4%). The median age was 62 years (range: 38 - 87 years). The follow up duration was between 16 - 109 months with a median of 62 months. There was a statistically significant incidence rate of grade ≥ 1 toxicity of diarrhea as gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity between FOLFOX 4 and modified FOLFOX 6 as the two regimens (P = 0.034), but there was not a statistically significant incidence rate of grade ≥ 1 toxicity of stomatitis as GI toxicity between the two regimens (P = 0.27). We observed a highly statistically significant incidence rate of grade ≥ 1 toxicity of neutropenia as hematologic toxicity between FOLFOX 4 and modified FOLFOX 6 as the two regimens (P < 0.001), but we did not observe any statistically significant differences of grade ≥ 1 of thrombocytopenia as hematologic toxicity between the two regimens (P = 0.063). There was a statistically significant incidence rate of grade ≥ 1 neurotoxicity between FOLFOX 4 and modified FOLFOX 6 as the two regimens (P = 0.017).Conclusions:
We showed that in colorectal cancer patients treated with modified FOLFOX6. Some of hematological and non-hematological complications were more than FOLFOX4 and they can be concerned.Keywords
1. Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third diagnosed solid cancer in the world and Iran (1). Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the main therapeutic interventions for CRC. Among the chemotherapy regimens, combination of oxaliplatin is a platinum analogue and bolus/infusional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with leucovorin (LV), called FOLFOX, is the most-studied and effective chemotherapeutic regimen in adjuvant and metastatic settings.
FOLFOX has effectively increased the progression free survival (PFS) in colorectal cancer patients (2). There are two common types of FOLFOX regimens: FOLOFOX 4 and modified FOLFOX 6 (mFOLFOX6) (3).
Based on the results of the MOSAIC studies, FOLFOX4 is known as the best standard of care in adjuvant chemotherapy for Stage III colorectal cancer in Western countries (4). Since then, the FOLFOX regimens have been used in different randomized clinical trials with bevacizumab or cetuximab or panitumumab. They have been shown to the establishment of other schedules of FOLFOX regimens (5-7).
However, mFOLFOX6 that can be infused easily by a venous catheter or port that can be avoided of long hospitalization, and is known as equally effective as FOLFOX4 by the oncologic centers (8).
There are a few studies that reported the incidence rate of severity of adverse effects such as neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, neurotoxicity and diarrhea induced by chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients (9).
With the addition of oxaliplatin to 5FU/LV chemotherapy, the incidence rate of hematological and non-hematological complications is increased significantly (10). FOLFOX4 is associated with grade 3 or 4 diarrhea and stomatitis that can be well controlled with effective supportive protocol (11).
2. Objectives
In the current study, we evaluated and compared the incidence and severity of chemotherapy induced neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, stomatitis, diarrhea and neurotoxicity adverse effects in patients treated with FOLFOX 4 and modified FOLFOX 6.
3. Methods
This was a cross sectional-analytic study where data obtained from medical records of 458 patients with colorectal cancer treated with FOLFOX 4/6 regimen between 2006 and 2014 were reviewed.
A total of 96 eligible patients diagnosed with histopathologically confirmed carcinoma of colorectal at the radiation-oncology ward of Shohada-e-Tajrish hospital between February 2005 and March 2014 were included and followed.
The inclusion criteria were patients with histopathology diagnosis of colorectal cancer with or without distant metastasis who were treated by chemotherapy at our center, adequate white blood count and platelet before therapy, ages 18 - 80 years, estern cooperative oncology group(ECOG) performance score 0-2 and acceptable liver and renal function tests. Finally, ninety-six patients were selected in the study as per defined criteria.
Patients were excluded from the study if they were without a histopathology diagnosis other than colorectal cancer, if they had undergone neo-adjuvant or adjuvant treatments such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy initiated by another radiation oncology center, and if they were without follow-up.
The first cycle of FOLFOX chemotherapy was administered based on our inclusion criteria described above. Subsequent cycles were not allowed to infusion unless white blood cells were ≥ 1,500/mm3, platelet count ≥ 100,000/mm3 and non-hematological toxicities recovered to grade zero or one.
All adverse effects were recorded according to national cancer institute common toxicity criteria (NCI CTC) version 2.0 grading scale on a scale of 1 to 5 according to the general grade definition. The defined parameters of hematological and non-hematological complications in our study were neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, neurotoxicity, diarrhea and stomatitis that were clinically evaluated after each treatment cycle of chemotherapy.
Two different regimens of oxaliplatin with 5FU/LV (FOLFOX) were administered as chemotherapy protocols: FOLFOX4 (n = 56): Oxaliplatin: 85 mg/m2 intra venus (IV) on the first day in 500 cc of dextrose water 5% in 2 hours via a Y connector concurrently with LV as rescue factor: 200 mg/m2 IV in 2 hours infusion before 5FU bolus and 5FU: 400 mg/m2 IV bolus, followed by 600 mg/m2 IV continuous infusion for 22 hours on the first and second days. (Cycle repeated every two weeks up to 12 cycles). MFOLFOX6 (n = 40): Oxaliplatin: 85 mg/m2 IV on the first day in 500 cc of dextrose water 5% in 2 hours via a Y connector plus LV 400 mg/m2 IV over 2 hours on day 1 and 5FU bolus: 400 mg/m2 IV followed by 5FU infusional: 2400mg/m2 IV continuous infusion for 46 hours on the first and second days. (Cycle repeated every two weeks up to 12 cycles).
The ethical regulations dictated in the act provided by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (reference number of research ethics committee: 429) were strictly observed. The data were strictly preserved without using the patients’ names.
Pearson’s χ2 test was used to compare the number of patients with toxicities between two regimens. Fisher’s exact test was used to adjust χ2 probability values when cell frequencies were lower than the expected values. The statistical analyses were performed by using software SPSS version 21 (SPSS IBM).
4. Results
The study included 96 patients, 39 of whom were males (40.6%) and 57 of whom were females (59.4%). The median age was 62 years (range: 38 - 87 years). The follow up duration was between 16 - 109 months with a median of 62 months. Fifty-six patients (58.3%) received FOLFOX 4 and 40 patients (41.7%) received modified FOLFOX 6. In FOLFOX 4 group, 29 patients (55%) had colon cancer and in modified FOLFOX 6 group, 23 patients (45%) had colon cancer. In FOLFOX 4 group, 27 patients (61.4%) had rectal cancer and in modified FOLFOX 6 group, 17 patients (38.6%) had rectal cancer.
Pathological T stages were 54.5% T2 in FOLFOX 4 and 45.5% in modified FOLFOX 6, 58.4% T3 in FOLFOX 4 and 41.6% in modified FOLFOX 6 and 62.5% T4 in FOLFOX 4 and 37.5% in modified FOLFOX 6.
Pathological N stages were negative in 62.9% of FOLFOX 4 patients and 37.1% in modified FOLFOX 6 patients; Pathological N stages were positive in 55.3% of FOLFOX 4 patients and 44.7% in modified FOLFOX 6 patients. Pathological N stages were unknown in 57.1% of FOLFOX 4 patients and 42.9% in modified FOLFOX 6 patients. Clinical M stages were negative in 50.9% of FOLFOX 4 patients and 49.1% in modified FOLFOX 6 patients and were positive in 58.3% of FOLFOX 4 patients and 41.7% in FOLFOX 6 patients. Clinical M stages were unknown in 74.1% of FOLFOX 4 patients and 25.9% in modified FOLFOX 6 patients.
The total number of chemotherapy cycles in FOLFOX 4 and mFOLFOX6 groups were 516 and 384 respectively. The median number of chemotherapy cycles in FOLFOX 4 and mFOLFOX6 groups were 10 and 8 respectively. 11 (55%) patients had received 4 - 7 cycles of FOLFOX 4 and 9 (45%) patients had received 4-7 cycles of modified FOLFOX 6. 45 (59.2%) patients had received 8 - 12 cycles of FOLFOX 4 and thirty-one (40.8%) patients had received 8 - 12 cycles of modified FOLFOX 6.
Treatment delay was observed in 6 patients (28.6%) of FOLFOX 4 group and in 15 patients (71.4%) of modified FOLFOX 6 group. There was no need to dose adjustment in FOLFOX 4 group and dose adjustment was needed in 5 patients in FOLFOX 6 group. There was no need to stop our treatment in FOLFOX 4 group and mFOLFOX 6 group permanently. The patient characteristics and treatment-related parameters are shown in Table 1.
Patient Characteristics and Treatment-Related Parametersa
| FOLFOX 4 (n = 56) | mFOLFOX 6 (n = 40) | |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Female | 35 (61.4) | 22 (38.6) |
| Male | 21 (53.8) | 18 (46.2) |
| Cancer type | ||
| Colon | 29 (55) | 23 (45) |
| Rectum | 27 (61.4) | 17 (38.6) |
| Tumor stage | ||
| T II | 6 (54.5) | 5 (45.5) |
| T III | 45 (58.4) | 32 (41.6) |
| T IV | 5 (62.5) | 3 (37.5) |
| Nodal status | ||
| N- | 22 (62.9) | 13 (37.1) |
| N+ | 26 (55.3) | 21 (44.7) |
| NX | 8 (57.1) | 6 (42.9) |
| Metastasis status | ||
| M0 | 29 (50.95) | 28 (49.1) |
| M1 | 7 (58.3) | 5 (41.7) |
| MX | 20 (74.1) | 7 (25.9) |
| Previouschemotherapy | ||
| Yes | 7 (30) | 16 (70) |
| No | 49 (67.1) | 24 (32.9) |
| Courses number | ||
| 4 - 7 | 11 (55) | 9 (45) |
| 8 - 12 | 45 (59.2) | 31 (40.8) |
| Treatment delay | ||
| Yes | 6 (28.6) | 15 (71.4) |
| No | 50 (65.3) | 25 (34.7) |
| Dose adjustment | ||
| Yes | 0 | 5 (100) |
| No | 56 (61.5) | 35 (38.5) |
The most complicating effects reported in FOLFOX 4 group were diarrhea (19.6%) and neurotoxicity (19.6%) of grade 1 and more. Grade ≥ 1 of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were reported in 8.9% and 25% cases respectively. Grade ≥ 1 of stomatitis was reported in 8.9% patients. The incidence rate and complication grade of the adverse effects with relative frequency rate are shown in Figure 1.
Distribution of Different Toxicities Between the Two Regimens % of Patients With ≥ Grade 1 Toxicity
The most frequent adverse effect reported in the patients of modified FOLFOX 6 was neutropenia (80%) of grade 1 and more. Grade 1 and more of thrombocytopenia were reported in 55% of modified FOLFOX6 arm. Grade ≥ 1 of neurotoxicity was reported in 75% of modified FOLFOX6 arm. Grade ≥ 1 of stomatitis and diarrhea were reported in 32.5% and 75% cases respectively. The incidence rate and the toxicity grades of the symptoms with relative frequency are shown in Figure 1.
There was a statistically significant incidence rate of grade ≥ 1 toxicity of diarrhea as gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity between FOLFOX 4 and modified FOLFOX 6 as the two regimens (P = 0.034, OR = 3.16, 95% CI = 1.05 - 9.44), but there was not a statistically significant incidence rate of grade ≥ 1 toxicity of stomatitis as GI toxicity between the two regimens (P = 0.27, OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 0.56 - 11.23). Then, FOLFOX 4 scheme was statistically significant better than modified FOLFOX 6 scheme of diarrhea as GI toxicity.
We observed a very highly statistically significant incidence rate of grade ≥ 1 toxicity of neutropenia as hematologic toxicity between FOLFOX 4 and modified FOLFOX 6 as the two regimens (P < 0.001, OR = 8.50, 95% CI = 2.23 - 32.42), but we did not observe any statistically significant differences of grade ≥ 1of thrombocytopenia as hematologic toxicity between two regimens (P = 0.063, OR = 2.96, 95% CI = 0.90 - 9.64). Then, FOLFOX 4 scheme was statistically significant better than modified FOLFOX 6 scheme of neutropenia as hematologic toxicity.
There was a statistically significant incidence rate of grade≥1 neurotoxicity between FOLFOX 4 and modified FOLFOX 6 as the two regimens (P = 0.017, OR = 3.57, 95% CI = 1.20 - 10.55). Then, FOLFOX 4 scheme was statistically significant better than modified FOLFOX 6 scheme of neurotoxicity. The difference in the incidence rate of all toxicities between FOLFOX 4 and modified FOLFOX 6 are shown in Table 2.
Distribution of Different Toxicities Between the Two Regimensa
| Toxicity | OR (95% CI) | P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade 0 | Grade ≥ 1 | |||
| Neurotoxicity | 3.57 (1.20 - 10.55) | 0.017 | ||
| FOLFOX 4 | 50 (89.3) | 6 (10.7) | ||
| mFOLFOX 6 | 28 (70) | 12 (30) | ||
| Total | 78 (81.2) | 18 (18.8) | ||
| Neutropenia | 8.50 (2.23 - 32.42) | < 0.001 | ||
| FOLFOX 4 | 53 (94.6) | 3 (5.4) | ||
| mFOLFOX 6 | 27 (67.5) | 13 (32.5) | ||
| Total | 80 (83.3) | 16 (16.7) | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 2.96 (0.90 - 9.64) | 0.063 | ||
| FOLFOX 4 | 51 (91.1) | 5 (8.9) | ||
| mFOLFOX 6 | 31 (77.5) | 9 (22.5) | ||
| Total | 82 (85.4) | 14 (14.6) | ||
| Diarrhea | 3.16 (1.05 - 9.44) | 0.034 | ||
| FOLFOX 4 | 50 (89.3) | 6 (10.7) | ||
| mFOLFOX 6 | 29 (72.5) | 11 (27.5) | ||
| Total | 79 (82.3) | 17 (17.7) | ||
| Stomatitis | 2.52 (0.56 - 11.23) | 0.27 | ||
| FOLFOX 4 | 53 (94.6) | 3 (5.4) | ||
| mFOLFOX 6 | 35 (87.5) | 5 (12.5) | ||
| Total | 88 (91.7) | 8 (8.3) | ||
5. Discussion
Hematological and non-hematological toxicities manifested by 5-Fu and oxaliplatin based chemotherapy could be exacerbated by symptoms of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, diarrhea, stomatitis and neurotoxicity. These toxicities may alter quality of life in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (11).
In this study, we compared the differences in hematologic and non-hematologic toxicity rates between FOLFOX 4 and modified FOLFOX 6 in Iranian colorectal cancer. Literature concerning the effectiveness and toxicity of modified FOLFOX regimens compared with FOLFOX 4 regimens (standard of care) is limited. Toxicity can vary based on doses of each chemotherapy drugs and infusion schedules (12, 13).
It seems diarrhea and stomatitis are the two most frequent and dose limiting of GI toxicity in colorectal cancer patients (12, 13). There was statistically significant difference in grade ≥ 1 toxicity of diarrhea as GI toxicity, between FOLFOX 4 and modified FOLFOX 6 chemotherapy regimens in our study (P = 0.034). Then, FOLFOX 4 scheme was statistically significant better than modified FOLFOX 6 scheme of diarrhea as GI toxicity.
Diarrhea is usually seen in the third week after the first cycle of chemotherapy with Oxaliplatin with 5FU, which shows that oxaliplatin is the major risk factor of GI toxicities (14). In the case of mFOLFOX 6, there were reports of grade 3 and grade 4 diarrhea or stomatitis. During our study, the most adverse effects induced by chemotherapy were less than grade 2 toxicity, the difference in the incidence rate of grades 3 and 4 toxicities with all grades of toxicity is highly significant also reported earlier (15, 16).
There was less adverse effects of diarrhea among FOLFOX4 group in comparison with mFOLFOX 6 group in our study. Diarrhea as therapeutic toxicity highly depends on doses of 5FU infusion administration (17) and we used 600 mg/m2 IV continuous infusion for 22 hours on the first and second days in FOLFOX 4 group where less than 1200 mg/m2 IV continuous infusion for 22 hours on the first and second days in mFOLFOX 6 group can explain why there was a high incidence rate of diarrhea in the colorectal cancer patients who had been treated with mFOLFOX6 in our study. There was no gastrointestinal toxicity related death (grade 5) as very severe gastrointestinal toxicity in any patients.
There are some risk factors in neurotoxicity induced by oxaliplatin, such as infusion rate, oxaliplatin dose per cycle, total dose, pre-existing peripheral neuropathy, and history of surgery (18, 19). The incidence of grade ≥ 1 neurotoxicity in patients treated with FOLFOX 4 or modified FOLFOX 6 were 10.7% and 30% respectively. Our results confirm that the difference between the incidence rate of grade ≥ 1 neurotoxicity was significant (P = 0.017). Then, FOLFOX 4 scheme was statistically significant better than modified FOLFOX 6 scheme of neurotoxicity.
There are risk factors that have been known concerning oxaliplatin and 5-FU induced hematologic toxicities, including treatment schedule, single dose per cycle, cumulative dose, and infusion time. The difference between the incidence rate of grade ≥ 1 of neutropenia as hematologic toxicity was very highly significant (P < 0.001), but the difference between grade ≥ 1 of thrombocytopenia as hematologic toxicity was not significant (P = 0.063). Then, FOLFOX 4 scheme was statistically significant higher than modified FOLFOX 6 scheme of neutropenia as hematologic toxicity.
In conclusion, the severity of neutropenia as hematological toxicity, diarrhea and neurotoxicity as non-hematological toxicities were noted in mFOLFOX6. We also showed that in colorectal cancer patients treated with modified FOLFOX6, some of hematological and non-hematological complications were more than FOLFOX4 and they can be concerned.
Acknowledgements
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