Abstract
Background:
Drug addiction, defined as a chronic brain disease, leads to worse physical and psychological status that has the most damaging effect on the family system.Objectives:
This study investigated the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on psychological resilience in drug abuser women.Methods:
This semi-trial study was done by a pre-test/post-test and the control group. The statistical population of this study was drug abuser women who were hospitalized in addiction treatment camps in Zahedan and were detoxified. The single-stage cluster was sampling method; twenty-seven females were randomly divided into the trial (n = 13) and control groups (n = 14). The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC) was used as questionnaire. The data were analyzed by multivariate covariance analysis.Results:
There was a significant change in the interpersonal competence, negative affective tolerance, and spiritual effects in the post-test in the experimental group compared with the control group. According to the Eta coefficients report, the most effective issue was the perception of individual competence with the effect and difference equal to 34% in post-test scores, which was the effect of ACT.Conclusions:
It appears that acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) may be an effective intervention in improving psychological resilience in drug abuser women. Accordingly, it is suggested that therapists should use ACT to significantly promote psychological resilience along with medical treatments for drug abuser women that need critical care of their psychological functioning.Keywords
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Psychological Resilience Addictive Drug Abuser Women
1. Background
Drug addiction, defined as a chronic brain disease, leads to worse physical and psychological status, drug dependency such as cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine (1), which are mostly harmful in the family and daily life (2) and damaging of many social, familial, and personal abilities in addicted women that lead to sexual deviations and self-promotion (3). The most common impact of dependency on families is that the family may turn around substance abuse, just as the addict revolves the substance. In many occasions, anxiety, guilt, depression, anger, and helplessness emotions of an addict are major disruptions in a family, and most attentional factor is that the family usually does not know how to assist the addicted person (4). Less attention to women with substance use disorder causes a high rate of prevalence (5). While the number of addicted women raises rapidly, recent statistics indicated that women account for 9% of drug users in the community (6).
One of the most effective factors in an addicted woman is psychological resilience that includes a concept of healthy, integrated positive function or adapting and responding to stress with coping with a psychotic illness that often experiences high levels of distress and difficulties (7-9). Resilience is a key to design strategies that contain professional development and interpersonal skills (10). Also, psychological resilience provides a high capacity for mental and physical health that makes adapt to adverse conditions to recover personal control, optimism, and social duties (11, 12).
In this regard, interventions and the societal goal should focus on resilience, which can provide useful approaches in patients (13, 14). In particular, women with a higher level of resilience show less change of psychopathologies and drug consumption (15) with a better act in disaster situations that make flexibility against the cause of stress situations. Furthermore, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is one of the treatment strategies from the third tendency of behavioral therapy to increase resilience. Other studies showed that ACT was an effective treatment during inpatient follow-up (16, 17). The purpose of ACT is to accept and commit with regard to reducing emotional, cognitive, physical, and behavioral symptoms of the problem for preferable life (18, 19), concerning moderate chronic pain the harmful behaviors of addicts (20, 21). The ACT mechanisms consist of three aspects, including (1) the mediational effects of psychological flexibility and the six components, (2) unique mechanisms of ACT compared to CBT, and (3) the generalizability of these mechanisms to internet-based ACT interventions (22).
Interventional ACT included six core progressions, such as acceptance, cognitive fault, and the relationship with the present, self as a context, value, and committed action for psychological flexibility (23). Researchers show ACT was effective in improving mental health in comparison to amphetamines and common components (24).
2. Objectives
Recently, the treatment of psychological resilience derived from ACT has been used to adapt to adverse conditions and altering mental health levels. Accordingly, the efficacy of ACT is based on psychological resilience by how drug abuser women adapt to their situations for a better life with avoiding pain. Therefore, more research should be done in the fields of health, behavior, and clinical psychology in outcomes of dependency but conducted to investigate the effectiveness of ACT in the psychological resilience of drug abuser women. The present study aimed to improve psychological resilience by ACT intervention in women with substance use disorder.
3. Patients and Methods
3.1. Patients
This study had a quasi-experimental, pre-post intervention design with the control group. The sample population, according to the G power software that adjusted with Morgan table, was twenty-seven drug abuser women who were randomly assigned to a one-step cluster with a random availability method to an intervention or a control group. The participants were allocated to the trail (n = 13) and control (n = 14) groups. Women who were diagnosed as drug abusers underwent detoxification without any expression comorbidity of psychiatric or neurological disease along with their drug substance use disorder. An individual got eight steps of acceptance in the treatment sessions and commitment intervention for the trail group. The main aim of the sessions was to improve psychological resilience. The inclusion criteria were primary education, undergoing detoxification, attending the sessions of a residential center, having a positive drug abuse test, at least two years of a history of drug dependency, substance use of opium, cocaine, crystal-meth in individuals, and age of 18 years or older. The exclusion criteria were having a history of psychotic disorders, chronic disorders, and pregnant women. The study was done for three months, from April 12 to July 20, 2017. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants before the study.
3.2. Questionnaire
3.2.1. The Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC)
This questionnaire was developed by Connor and Davidson in 2003, comprising of 25 items, each question rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0 - 4), higher scores indicate greater resilience. The CD-RISC is a brief, self-rated measure of resilience that has sound psychometric features by using the resilience questionnaire. The findings of this study demonstrate the following items: resilience is measurable by health status; thus, resilience is an adjusted approach, which can be improved by the treatment. The CD-RISC could have potential utility in both clinical practice and research (25). The reliability and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) coefficient for the Iranian version of the questionnaire reported 0.93 and 0.91, respectively. Bartlett index in 2174 was significant at 0.001, which indicates the adequacy of sampling questions and correlation matrices (24). In this research, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient reported 0.78.
3.3. Statistical Analysis
To respect confidentiality an unknown ID number was allocated to each participant and interviews was done in privacy and the participants were assured that no data would be linked back to them. The data were analyzed by multivariate covariance analysis.
3.4. Research Ethics
The participants contributed to the study after signing the written informed consent and voluntarily. The information derived from them remained confidential throughout the research. The present study was also approved by the Ethics Committee of Sistan and Baluchestan University in compliance with the declaration of Head’s Anti-Drug Council. The names and information of all participants were kept confidential in this study.
4. Results
The sample population was comprised of 30 individuals. The mean age ± standard deviation (SD) of addicted women was 29.74 ± 14.95 years, with a 95% confidence interval. Furthermore, drug abuser women in the experiment/control groups aged 21 - 28 years old comprised 85.42% and 84.53% of the study population, respectively (Table 1). The scores of the mean and SD of research variables with their subscales are presented in terms of the study groups, including the experiment and control groups.
The Frequency and Percent of Age Group in Drug Abuser Womena
| Age, y | Values |
|---|---|
| 21 - 28 | |
| Experimental | 6 (85.42) |
| Control | 7 (84.53) |
| 29 - 36 | |
| Experimental | 5 (71.35) |
| Control | 5 (46.38) |
| 37 - 44 | |
| Experimental | 3 (42.21) |
| Control | 1 (69.7) |
| Total | |
| Experimental | 14 (100) |
| Control | 13 (100) |
The results show that the mean and SD in variability of the resilience and its subscales included the imagination of the individual competence (Mean = 20.85 ± SD = 5.03), negative affection (Mean = 17.31 ± SD = 8.33), positive admission (Mean = 12.31 ± SD = 2.92), control (Mean = 7.23 ± SD = 9.26), and spiritual effects (Mean = 4.85 ± SD = 6.99) the trail group score in post-test times were increased. In addition, the imagination of the individual competence component in the post-test was higher than the other components in the trial group (Table 2).
Descriptive Indices of Resilience and its Subscalesa
| Variables | Number | Pre test | Post test |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imagination of individual competence | |||
| Experiment | 13 | 11.38 ± 3.96 | 20.85 ± 5.03 |
| Control | 14 | 12.07 ± 3.49 | 14.36 ± 4.23 |
| Negative affective tolerance | |||
| Experiment | 13 | 10.31 ± 3.88 | 17.31 ± 3.88 |
| Control | 14 | 10.57 ± 3.32 | 13.64 ± 3.29 |
| Positive acceptance | |||
| Experiment | 13 | 7.92 ± 1.60 | 12.31 ± 2.92 |
| Control | 14 | 8.00 ± 2.00 | 10.71 ± 1.72 |
| Control | |||
| Experiment | 13 | 4.54 ± 1.39 | 7.23 ± 9.26 |
| Control | 14 | 4.43 ± 1.39 | 6.36 ± 1.44 |
| Spiritual effects | |||
| Experiment | 13 | 2.38 ± 1.04 | 4.85 ± 6.99 |
| Control | 14 | 2.29 ± 0.99 | 3.36 ± 1.08 |
| Total resilience | |||
| Experiment | 13 | 36.54 ± 6.29 | 62.54 ± 7.54 |
| Control | 14 | 37.36 ± 5.52 | 48.21 ± 7.75 |
The interaction effect of the pre-test and groups in the homogeneity of regression test was not significant in terms of resilience subscales (P < 0.05). Therefore, it can be shown that there is no significant difference between the two vectors, and the regression slopes are not statistically significant between the two groups (Table 3).
The Results of Homogeneity of Regression Gradients Under the Resiliency Scale
| Variables | Group | Sum of Squares | df | Mean of Squares | F | Sig. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imagination of individual competence | Pretest groupsa | 0.86 | 1 | 0.86 | 0.05 | 0.81 |
| Negative affective tolerance | Pretest groupsa | 0.12 | 1 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.88 |
| Positive acceptance | Pretest groupsa | 13.54 | 1 | 13.54 | 4.24 | 0.35 |
| Control | Pretest groupsa | 1.43 | 1 | 1.43 | 0.94 | 0.34 |
| Spiritual effects | Pretest groupsa | 0.62 | 1 | 0.62 | 0.85 | 0.36 |
Based on the F results from the Levin test, the assumption of zero is verified in the table, and it can be said that the homogeneous assumption of the dependent variables in the groups is established. Given the above assumptions, we are permitted to use the MANCOVA test (Table 4).
F Levine Test for Resilience
| Variables | F | df 1 | df 2 | Sig. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imagination of individual competence | 0.46 | 1 | 25 | 0.502 |
| Negative affective tolerance | 1.91 | 1 | 25 | 0.18 |
| Positive acceptance | 0.14 | 1 | 25 | 0.703 |
| Control | 0.01 | 1 | 25 | 0.936 |
| Spiritual effects | 0.03 | 1 | 25 | 0.853 |
As seen in the table, the quadruple tests of multivariate covariate analysis related to the difference in the variables of research were statistically significant, with a 95% confidence interval. Therefore, the results indicated that ACT had an effect on dependent variables. The results also indicated that ACT had an effect on the mean of at least one of the dependent variables in the trial group compared with the control group at the post-test step F (2, 21) = 4.26, P = 0.008, Wilks’ Lambda = 0.49, and partial eta squared = 0.5 (Table 5).
Summary of Multivariate Covariance Analysis
| Effect | Test | Value | F | Hypothesis df | Error df | Sig. | Eta Square |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Groups | Piley effect | 0.50 | 4.26 | 5 | 21 | 0.008 | 0.50 |
| Wilks Lambda | 0.49 | 4.26 | 5 | 21 | 0.008 | 0.50 | |
| Hoteling effect | 1.01 | 4.26 | 5 | 21 | 0.008 | 0.50 | |
| Twin root | 1.01 | 4.26 | 5 | 21 | 0.008 | 0.50 |
The results after eliminating the pre-test effect on the dependent variables and considering the coefficient F obtained in the imagination of individual competence (F (1, 28) = 13.21, P = 0.001, partial η2 = 0.34), negative affective tolerance (F (1, 27) = 7.87, P = 0.01, partial η2 = 0.23), and spiritual effects (F (1, 28) = 10.70, P = 0.001, partial η2 = 0.30); there was a significant difference between the adjusted mean scores of the participants in two times of pre-test and post-test. Therefore, the effect of ACT on the improvement of psychological resilience was demonstrated. In particular, it could be concluded that in the trail group, there was a significant change in the interpersonal competence, negative affective tolerance, and spiritual effects in the post-test compared to the control group affected by ACT intervention. Based on the Eta coefficients, the most effective issue was the subscale of the imagination of individual competence, with the effect and difference equal to 34%. This means a 34% difference in post-test scores was the imagination of individual competence that was the effectiveness of ACT (Table 6).
Multivariate Covariance Analysis in MANCOVA Text
| Effect | Dependent Variable | Sum of Square | df | Mean of Square | F | Sig. | Eta Square |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Imagination of individual competence | 283.83 | 1 | 283.83 | 13.21 | 0.001 | 0.34 |
| Negative affective tolerance | 101.43 | 1 | 101.43 | 7.87 | 0.010 | 0.23 | |
| Positive acceptance | 17.11 | 1 | 17.11 | 3.02 | 0.094 | 0.10 | |
| Control | 5.14 | 1 | 5.14 | 1.85 | 0.186 | 0.06 | |
| Spiritual Effects | 14.94 | 1 | 14.94 | 10.70 | 0.003 | 0.30 |
5. Discussion
This study shows improvement in resilience in women with drug abuse who received ACT, that is consistent with other researches. Gender is considered as one of the main factors in effectiveness of ACT, as women achieved more improvement.
Moreover, researchers declared that gender was an important factor in psychological resilience (26). Besides, ACT is a recent form of cognitive-behavioral therapy, which can solve a wide range of health problems, especially dependency (27). Also, other investigations show that ACT is effective in increasing resilience; consequently, therapists are advised to use ACT for increasing resilience and coping with the ability (28). Furthermore, the study on the alcoholic population indicates that the understanding of resilience was a process that can enhance psychological health (29). So, higher levels of resilience treatment can predict balanced emotions over time and recover daily stress (30). Other researchers declared resilience led to declining codependency in drug abuser mothers (31). The target of acceptance and commitment treatment is to learn to emphasize their present emotions; this helps the clients experience changes in their minds and thinking (32). In general, ACT is an effective treatment for women with substance use disorder (33). In this study, we indicated that the approach of ACT, as a coping mechanism, might develop awareness, living at present, and keeping psychological health. Furthermore, improving psychological resilience in the treatment of ACT was considered a coping mechanism in addicted women to adapt to their conditions.
5.1. Conclusion
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) program appears to be an effective intervention for improving psychological resilience in women with substance use disorders. In this regard, it is suggested that therapists should use ACT to promote significant psychological resilience along with medical treatments for drug abuser women as a necessity for their psychological functioning.
5.2. Limitations
The present study was that it had only one intervention group, so the effect of ACT was not compared with other interventions. On the other hand, this is the first study in Iran that investigates the effect of ACT on psychological resilience in women with substance use disorder. We are hopeful that our results will get more attention to the importance of ACT aspects to raise psychological resilience for drug abuser women. Therefore, further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended. Our findings should be generalized with caution; thus, other side effects of ACT studies are suggested. In addition, future studies should investigate the effects of ACT in both genders and another disease.
Acknowledgements
References
-
1.
Alta Maria. What is drug addiction?. 2018, [cited 2018 Aug 15]. Available from: http://www.altamirarecovery.com.
-
2.
Khodayari Fard M, Hejazi E, Hoseininezhad N. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment consultation (ACT) on self-efficacy and marital satisfaction substance using married women with children. J Appl Psychol Res. 2015;6(2):61-75.
-
3.
Kakoei Dinaki I, Alsadat Qavami N. A study on gender features and consequences of women’s tendency to drug abuse. Socl Health Addict. 2014;1(4):9-32.
-
4.
luxury Rehabs. The impact of addiction on families?. 2018, [cited 2018 Dec 15]. Available from: http://www.luxury.rehabs.com.
-
5.
Sarrami H, Ghorbami M, Taghavi M. The survey two decades of prevalence studies among Iran university students. Res Addict. 2013;7(27):9-36.
-
6.
Ghorbani E. An overview of the variables of women's tendency to drug abuse and its consequences. Soc Health Addict. 2015;2(7):151-75.
-
7.
Southwick SM, Bonanno GA, Masten AS, Panter-Brick C, Yehuda R. Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2014;5. [PubMed ID: 25317257]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC4185134]. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338.
-
8.
Shi L, Sun J, Wei D, Qiu J. Recover from the adversity: Functional connectivity basis of psychological resilience. Neuropsychologia. 2019;122:20-7. [PubMed ID: 30529246]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.002.
-
9.
McCarthy G, Liston A, Adamis D. Psychological resilience and quality of life amongst people with psychotic illnesses. Eur Psychiatry. 2020;41(S1):s822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1605.
-
10.
Kong F, Wang X, Hu S, Liu J. Neural correlates of psychological resilience and their relation to life satisfaction in a sample of healthy young adults. Neuroimage. 2015;123:165-72. [PubMed ID: 26279212]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.020.
-
11.
Ang SY, Hemsworth D, Uthaman T, Ayre TC, Mordiffi SZ, Ang E, et al. Understanding the influence of resilience on psychological outcomes - Comparing results from acute care nurses in Canada and Singapore. Appl Nurs Res. 2018;43:105-13. [PubMed ID: 30220356]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2018.07.007.
-
12.
Dantzer R, Cohen S, Russo SJ, Dinan TG. Resilience and immunity. Brain Behav Immun. 2018;74:28-42. [PubMed ID: 30102966]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC6545920]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2018.08.010.
-
13.
Tian X, Gao Q, Li G, Zou G, Liu C, Kong L, et al. Resilience is associated with low psychological distress in renal transplant recipients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016;39:86-90. [PubMed ID: 26805002]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.12.004.
-
14.
Cai H, Lam NSN, Qiang Y, Zou L, Correll RM, Mihunov V. A synthesis of disaster resilience measurement methods and indices. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2018;31:844-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.07.015.
-
15.
Sánchez MF, Lopez-Zafra E. The voices that should be heard: A qualitative and content analysis to explore resilience and psychological health in victims of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW). Women's Stud Int Forum. 2019;72:80-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2018.12.005.
-
16.
Aghaei A, Heidari P. Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on resiliency of female with psoriasis. ACBS World Conference 14th. Seattle, Washington(USA). 2016.
-
17.
Izadi R, Abedi MR. Alleviation of obsessive symptoms in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder using acceptance and commitment-based therapy. KAUMS Journal (FEYZ). 2013;17(3):275-86.
-
18.
Hofmann SG, Asmundson GJG. Acceptance and mindfulness-based therapy: New wave or old hat? Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(1):1-16. [PubMed ID: 17904260]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.003.
-
19.
Hofmann SG, Asmundson GJ, Beck AT. The science of cognitive therapy. Behav Ther. 2013;44(2):199-212. [PubMed ID: 23611069]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2009.01.007.
-
20.
Kiani AR, Ghasemi N, Pourabas A. Effectiveness of group therapy and mindfulness-based acceptance and commitment on craving and cognitive emotion regulation in consumer glass. J Sub Abuse Add Res. 2012;25:27-36.
-
21.
Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82. [PubMed ID: 12964174]. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113.
-
22.
Ren Z, Zhao C, Bian C, Zhu W, Jiang G, Zhu Z. Mechanisms of the acceptance and commitment therapy: A meta-analytic structural equation model. Acta Psychol Sin. 2019;51(6). https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.J.1041.2019.00662.
-
23.
Hayes SC, Luoma JB, Bond FW, Masuda A, Lillis J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44(1):1-25. [PubMed ID: 16300724]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006.
-
24.
Samani S, Jokar B, Sahragard N. Resiliency, mental health and life satisfaction. J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2006;3(290-295).
-
25.
Zhang M, Zhang J, Zhang F, Zhang L, Feng D. Prevalence of psychological distress and the effects of resilience and perceived social support among Chinese college students: Does gender make a difference? Psychiatry Res. 2018;267:409-13. [PubMed ID: 29960938]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.038.
-
26.
Iimura S, Taku K. Gender differences in relationship between resilience and big five personality traits in japanese adolescents. Psychol Rep. 2018;121(5):920-31. [PubMed ID: 29298590]. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117741654.
-
27.
De Groot F, Morrens M, Dom G. [Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and addiction: A literature review]. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2014;56(9):577-85. Dutch. [PubMed ID: 25222094].
-
28.
A Tjak JG, Davis ML, Morina N, Powers MB, Smits JA, Emmelkamp PM. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy for clinically relevant mental and physical health problems. Psychother Psychosom. 2015;84(1):30-6. [PubMed ID: 25547522]. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365764.
-
29.
Seyyed Jafari J, Motamedi A, Mehradsadr M, Kopaei Olamaie M, Hashemian S. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on resilience in elderlies. J Aging Psychol. 2017;3(1):21-9.
-
30.
Green KT, Beckham JC, Youssef N, Elbogen EB. Alcohol misuse and psychological resilience among U.S. Iraq and Afghanistan era veterans. Addict Behav. 2014;39(2):406-13. [PubMed ID: 24090625]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3936318]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.024.
-
31.
Ong AD, Bergeman CS, Bisconti TL, Wallace KA. Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2006;91(4):730-49. [PubMed ID: 17014296]. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.730.
-
32.
Nourian L. Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on resiliency and codependency of mothers of addicts. ACBS ANNual World Conference 15th. Seville, Spain. 2017.
-
33.
Masuda A, Hayes SC, Sackett CF, Twohig MP. Cognitive defusion and self-relevant negative thoughts: Examining the impact of a ninety year old technique. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42(4):477-85. [PubMed ID: 14998740]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2003.10.008.