article information

International Journal of Infection: Vol.4, issue 2; e40217
published online: August 6, 2016
article type: Letter
received: June 25, 2016
accepted: July 5, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/iji.40217
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Important Bacterial and Viral Infections in Patients with Hemodialysis

authors:

avatar Seyed Hossein Shahcheraghi 1 , * , avatar Jamshid Ayatollahi 1 , avatar Mohammad Darabi Mohebbi 2

Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IR Iran
Faculty of Medicine, The International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, IR Iran

how to cite: Shahcheraghi S H, Ayatollahi J, Darabi Mohebbi M. Important Bacterial and Viral Infections in Patients with Hemodialysis. Int J Infect. 2017;4(2):e40217. https://doi.org/10.5812/iji.40217.

Dear Editor,

Hemodialysis (HD) is the most common treatment of the end stage renal disease (ESRD). Bacterial infections are very common in patients with ESRD (1). Infection has become a main reason of death and is the second most common cause of morbidity in patients who need HD. The frequency of mortalities among patients with dialysis treatment is 6.5 - 7.9 times higher than that of the normal population (1, 2).

There are several risk factors for the development of bloodstream infection in patients with HD. These risk factors include the use of a central venous catheter (CVC), having diabetes mellitus, hypoalbuminemia, and anemia, and female gender. Also, colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is effective in this process (2).

Hemodialysis patients with arteriovenous fistula (AVF) have a significantly lower death rate than patients with dialysis catheter, which is related to immune activation (2, 3).

Infection has become a main reason of morbidity and is the second most common reason of death in the patients with HD (2). At the moment, Staphylococcus aureus is the most important isolated pathogen causing infection in such patients (2). These patients are affected by staphylococcal infections due to their low immune activation, multiple needle punctures and skin colonization (2).

The most important isolated bacteria in blood cultures of hemodialysis patients are Gram-positive bacteria. Most of the infections are caused by Escherichia coli, followed by Staphylococcus coagulase negative in mix infections (2, 3).

Also, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections and bacteremia are the main comorbidities in hemodialysis patients (3).

Frequency of hepatitis G virus (HGV) in normal people is very low, but this virus is more common in patients with hepatitis. This virus is a member of Flaviviridae family. Also, a relative frequency of HGV in patients who need HD is very high. The HGV role in pathogenesis is not clear (4).

A frequent human polyomavirus is BK virus (BKV), which infects up to 90% of the general population. It is determined with little clinical significance and with different epidemiological patterns of infection. Immune suppression can be considered the important risk factor for BKV reactivation (5). Patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD) or HD are at high risk of BKV infection (5).

Finally, a study in our country proved that Blastocystis hominis and Entamoeba coli among intestinal parasitic infections had the highest prevalence in patients undergoing HD, respectively (6).

Acknowledgements

References

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