1. Background
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute fatal febrile hemorrhagic viral disease, which is common between humans and animals through tick bites caused by a tick-borne virus (Nairovirus) of the Bunyaviridae family, and is transmitted by direct contact with the blood or secretions of patients or infected animal carcasses to healthy people (1-5).
Geographical pervasiveness is one of the important features of the virus and the disease. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is found in Eastern Europe, particularly in the former Soviet Union, throughout the Mediterranean Region, in Northwestern China, central Asia, Southern Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent (2).
High prevalence of the disease among farmers and people who deal with livestock and hospital workers has also been reported (1, 2).
The disease is endemic in Iran, especially in the Southeast of Iran, and large-scale epidemics have occurred in the spring and summer since 1999 (6, 7). The virus causes severe disease in humans with a mortality rate near 80% and cases of nosocomial outbreaks have also been reported (8, 9). The severe forms of the disease are associated with higher mortality and morbidity, and they are as follow: bleeding presentations, a sharp drop in platelets, decreased level of consciousness, low fibrinogen levels, and prolonged partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and those patients whose total of all mentioned parameters (Severity Scoring Index) equal to 10 or more (10).
Immediate medical actions should be done after the diagnosis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever suspected cases. The base of the treatment is supportive including water and electrolytes balance and progressive coagulation disorders. Other protective measures include prophylactic treatment of peptic ulcer and avoiding intramuscular injections, aspirin, and other anti-inflammatory drugs administration (11). In recent decades, re-emergence of this disease has proven the effect of ribavirin in the treatment of disease (12-14). Initiation of the medication as soon as possible has increased the response to treatment and decreased the mortality rate from 22% to 3% in the Southeast of the country in the recent years (15, 16).
Despite the effect of ribavirin in the clinical outcome, sometimes physicians are faced with high mortality rate during the treatment with ribavirin and supportive care. Therefore, physicians need to reduce the complications, morbidity, and mortality using another effective treatment regimens. However, interferon has shown significant antiviral activity against hemorrhagic viruses, and the use of interferon and intravenous immunoglobulin in critically ill patients is recommended, but few studies have been done in this regard, and the results are still under consideration (9).
Limited studies have shown the effect of corticosteroids on increasing platelet count, which is one of the main options for the severe form of this disease (17, 18). A clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of high dose prednisolone in patients with CCHF and severe thrombocytopenia and showed positive effects on increasing platelet count and reduction in the need for blood products in these patients (19). Considering the importance of the disease, the risk of high mortality and lack of assessing the effect of dexamethasone on clinical outcomes, this study aimed at examining the effect of ribavirin in combination with dexamethasone in patients with a severe form of CCHF and comparing the results with those of the patients who took ribavirin alone.
2. Methods
In this clinical trial research, we studied 30 patients with severe form of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (2 groups with 14 controls and 16 cases), who were admitted to Boo Ali hospital in Zahedan (Southeast of Iran) from July 2015 to April 2016. Patients were selected randomly in each group. Inclusion criteria included having at least 1 criterion of severe forms of Crimean- Congo hemorrhagic fever as severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 20 000 per cubic meter), bleeding presentations as petechial, ecchymosis and obvious bleeding, fibrinogen level less than or equal to 120 mg dL, partial thromboplastin time (PTT) greater than or equal to 60 seconds, and loss of consciousness.
Exclusion criteria were as follow: pregnancy; underlying disease; immunosuppressive treatment; patients who received any antiviral, blood, or blood products after the onset of the symptoms and prior to hospital admission; and patients with no confirmation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever by serology or PCR. Informed consent was obtained from all participants in the study.
Blood samples for testing as well as for PCR, IgM, and IgG were taken from the patients, and this diagnostic tests were repeated at day 5 and 10.
In the control group, ribavirin was administrated as 30 milligram per kilogram for the first dose, 16 milligram per kilogram every 6 hours for 4 days, and 8 milligram per kilogram every 8 hours for 6 days. In the intervention group, ribavirin was administrated as 30 milligram per kilogram for the first dose, then 16 milligram per kilogram every 6 hours for 4 days, and 8 milligram per kilogram every 8 hours for 6 days in addition to dexamethasone 10 milligram per square meter body. The rate of recovery or death and need for blood products transfusion were recorded in both groups. The distribution of the samples and comparison of quantitative variables were evaluated by Kolmogorov Smirnov test, t test, and Man-Whitney test. The comparison of qualitative variables was performed by Chi-square and McNemar’s test. Data were analyzed using SPSS software Version 21.
3. Results
We Studied 30 patients with severe Crimean- Congo hemorrhagic fever, and the demographic features are presented in Table 1.
Table 1.Descriptive Indicators of the 2 Groupsa
| Variable | Group | |
|---|---|---|
| Control | Intervention | |
| Location | ||
| City | 12 (85.7) | 2 (14.3) |
| Vilage | 12 (75) | 4 (25) |
| Occupation | ||
| Slaughterhou se workers | 7 (50) | 6 (37.5) |
| Farmer | - | 2 (12.5) |
| Butcher | - | 2 (12.5) |
| Self-employed | 3 (21.4) | 4 (25) |
| Housewife | 4 (28.6) | 2 (12.5) |
| Contact Type | ||
| Meat | 5 (35.7) | 12 (75) |
| Live animals | 5 (35.7) | - |
| Livestoc | 2 (14.3) | 2 (12.5) |
| Tick Bite | 2 (14.3) | 2 (12.5) |
aValues are expressed as No. (%).
In the control group, 14 patients were treated with ribavirin; and in the intervention group, 16 patients were treated with ribavirin and dexamethasone. The mean age of the patients in the control group was 30.78 ± 15.73 years (range 20 - 65 years), and it was 37.12 ± 11.84 years (range 25 - 63 years) in the intervention group.
In the control group, 4 patients (28.6%) were female and 10 were (71.4%) male; and in the intervention group, 2 patients (12.5%) were female and 14 (87.5%) were male.
In the control group, 13 patients (92.2%) had headache and backache, 7 had (50%) diarrhea, and 5 (53.7%) had bleeding. In the intervention group, 14 patients (87.5%) had headache and diarrhea, 10 (62.5%) had back pain, 8 (50%) had bleeding.
The mean interval between the beginning of symptoms and treatment initiation of patients in the control group was 3.50 ± 1.78 days, and it was 2.37 ± 1.02 days in the intervention group.
The results revealed that the average number of transfused blood products units (platelets, packed cells, and FFP) and the days of hospitalization in patients receiving ribavirin alone was more than in patients receiving ribavirin and dexamethasone, although this difference was not statistically significant (P >0.05) (Table 2).
Table 2.Comparison of Transfused Blood Products Administered and Days of Hospitalization in the 2 Groups
| Variable | Group | Mean ± Standard Deviation | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transfused Platelet Units | Control | 22.35 ± 13.64 | 0.04a |
| Intervention | 18.62 ± 18.62 | ||
| Transfused Packed Cells Units | Control | 0.71 ± 1.26 | 0.19b |
| Intervention | 0.00 ± 0.00 | ||
| Transfused FFP Units | Control | 10.57 ± 12.68 | 0.05b |
| Intervention | 2 ± 3.57 | ||
| Days of Hospitalization | Control | 12 ± 1.03 | 0.06b |
| Intervention | 10.87 ± 1.58 |
aP Value of T-Test.
bP Value of Mann-Whitney test.
4. Discussion
In our study, the CCHF disease did not cause death in any of the patients receiving ribavirin or ribavirin plus dexamethasone. The results of Chinikar et al. study (2005) represents about 11% of deaths in patients suffering from CCHF (7). The mortality rate of CCHF in Metanat (2006) and Izadi et al. (2009) studies were reported to be 16% (10) and 25% (15), respectively. Sharifi-Mood et al. (2009) reported the mortality rate of CCHF in the city of Zahedan between the years 1999 to 2003 and 2007 and 2005, which was 20% and 3%, respectively (11). These studies also revealed that the death rate among those patients treated with ribavirin during the first 72 hours was less (10, 11, 20). The considerable reduction in the mortality of CCHF patients in the recent studies and in our research indicates an increased community awareness, especially among those who are at risk for this disease. On the other hand, prompt initiation of the treatment even in the possible cases have led to better outcome in patients. The results of our study revealed that day of hospitalization and number of transfused blood products used in the intervention group was significantly less than in the control group, but this difference was not statistically significant.
Dilber et al. (2010) demonstrated that treatment with high doses of prednisone in CCHF was highly satisfying, and it was especially effective in the increase in platelets count, fever improvement, and reduction in the need for blood products (21). The results of Mardani et al. study (2013) also revealed the effect of high- dose methylprednisolone on the increase of platelet counts and reduction in the need for blood products in patients with severe CCHF (13). CCHF prevention is based on 3 important principles including patient screening, timely treatment of patients, and increase in public awareness about the ways of transmission and prevention of the disease. The intersectoral coordination with relevant bodies such as the organization of veterinary medicine, municipalities, and other organizations to combat and control the disease has been done in the recent years. These factors reduce the incidence of disease in the region (2).
We found that lower number of blood products were required in patients receiving dexamethasone compared to those patients receiving ribavirin and ribavirin, although the difference was not significant. However, in a study by Sharifi-Mood et al. when the effect of methylprednisolone and ribavirin was compared with ribavirin, the difference was found to be significant. CCHF virus, like other viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever with cellular disorder, leads to the immune response against the virus in the body (22). The pathogenesis of the disease could be the result of direct damage of infected tissues and indirect damage resulting from host immune response including cytokine production (23, 24). It seems that clinical presentations of CCHF are a result of delayed immune response to interlukine-10 production that assists increased transcription and distribution of the CCHF virus in the body (25). Continued injuries cause an increase in the production of interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and other cytokines mediated vascular dysfunction, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (26, 27).Corticosteroids reduce the production of cytokines and chemokines and act as an antagonist to proinflammatory cytokines activity. Thus, we can direct the impact on the effectiveness of corticosteroids on the clinical improvement of severe form of CCHF with thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy. The results of this study and those of previous studies have been largely limited to confirm this hypothesis.
4.1. Conclusions
Our results demonstrated a satisfying effect of high- dose dexamethasone with ribavirin in combination with supportive care on the reduction of hospitalization days and number of transfused blood products in patients with severe form of CCHF, although this difference was not statistically significant.
