https://doi.org/10.5812/ijp-123152

Analysis of Contralateral Patent Processus Vaginalis in Laparoscopic High Ligation of the Vaginal Process and Clinical Long-term Effect of Individualized Treatment

authors:

avatar Bin Yang 1 , * , avatar Na Guo 1 , avatar Xiao-dan Wang 2 , avatar Su-mei Wang 1

Department of Surgery, Baoding Children’s Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China
Department of Anesthesiology, Baoding Children’s Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China
Iranian Journal of Pediatrics: Vol.33, issue 1; e123152
published online: February 9, 2023
article type: Research Article
received: February 17, 2022
revised: November 6, 2022
accepted: November 25, 2022

How To Cite Yang B, Guo N, Wang X, Wang S. Analysis of Contralateral Patent Processus Vaginalis in Laparoscopic High Ligation of the Vaginal Process and Clinical Long-term Effect of Individualized Treatment. Iran J Pediatr. 2023;33(1):e123152. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijp-123152.

Abstract

Background:

We aimed to analyze contralateral patent processus vaginalis (CPPV) in the laparoscopic high ligation of the vaginal process, treat eligible children surgically, and evaluate the clinical long-term outcomes.

Methods:

A total of 300 children with unilateral inguinal hernia or unilateral hydrocele treated in our hospital were selected for laparoscopic high ligation of the vaginal process, during which CPPV was analyzed. The 300 children were randomly divided into two groups of 150. In the study group (n = 58), 11 children met the requirements of high ligation and were treated with simultaneous surgery. The 53 children in the control group received simultaneous treatment. The prevalence of CPPV was compared between children with unilateral indirect inguinal hernia and unilateral hydrocele, left and right patent processus vaginalis (PPV), and different ages. After surgery, both groups were followed up for one year. The recurrence rate of contralateral indirect inguinal hernia or hydrocele was compared. Significant differences were assessed between the two groups receiving different treatments.

Results:

The prevalence of CPPV was 23% in children with unilateral indirect inguinal hernia and 49% in children with unilateral hydrocele. The prevalence of CPPV in children with unilateral hydrocele was significantly higher than that in children with inguinal hernia (P = 0.00). The prevalence of CPPV was 42% in children with left PPV and 33% in children with right PPV, without a statistically significant difference (P = 0.19). The prevalence of CPPV was 63% in children aged 1 - 2 years, which was significantly higher than that in other age groups (χ2 = 7.46, P = 0.01). The prevalence of CPPV was 14% in children aged > 6 years, which was significantly lower than that in other age groups (χ2 = 4.43, P = 0.04). A postoperative one-year follow-up showed that the recurrence rate was 9% in the study group and 1% in the control group, without a statistically significant difference (P = 0.25).

Conclusions:

The prevalence of CPPV decreases with age. Hydrocele combined with CPPV is more common. For younger children with hydrocele, it is very important to explore the contralateral side during surgery. Moreover, the transformation of CPPV to indirect inguinal hernia or hydrocele occurs rarely, and only eligible children can receive simultaneous treatment during surgery.

1. Background

Inguinal hernia and hydrocele are common diseases in pediatric urology, with an incidence of about 1% - 4% in children (1). Congenital patent processus vaginalis (PPV) is the anatomical basis of inguinal hernia and hydrocele in children (2). A study (3) has pointed out that those who have PPV but do not present clinical symptoms are called occult hernias. Clinical symptoms may appear in the later stage, which requires re-surgery, bringing greater economic burden and surgical risk to patients (4). Therefore, it is particularly important to scientifically explore whether the children with unilateral inguinal hernia and unilateral hydrocele are complicated by contralateral patent processus vaginalis (CPPV). The imaging diagnosis of inguinal hernia and hydrocele is mainly based on ultrasound, but preoperative ultrasound examination often cannot detect CPPV due to its small lesion (5). With the continuous development and maturity of minimally invasive technology, laparoscopy is more and more widely used in pediatric urology. Compared with open surgery, laparoscopy has the advantages of simultaneous exploration of CPPV, reduction of postoperative pain, improvement of beauty, rapid recovery, and fewer complications in processus vaginalis ligation (6).

2. Objectives

We treated children with unilateral inguinal hernia and hydrocele using laparoscopic high ligation of the processus vaginalis, during which the factors related to CPPV were analyzed and individualized treatment was performed. In addition, the long-term effect on the children was followed up.

3. Methods

3.1. Patient Data

Inclusion criteria were: (1) children with unilateral inguinal hernia or unilateral hydrocele diagnosed by physical examination and imaging examination (7); (2) age ≤ 14 years; (3) no complicated heart and lung diseases or other surgical contraindications; (4) accepting the study and signing informed consent; (5) complete clinical data; and (6) ability to cooperate with the study, with high treatment compliance. This research was reviewed by the Medical Ethics Committee, and there was no ethical or moral hazard.

Exclusion criteria were: (1) contralateral inguinal hernia or hydrocele; (2) history of surgery for contralateral inguinal hernia or hydrocele; and (3) abnormal cardiopulmonary function, coagulation disorders, or impossible surgery for other reasons.

A total of 300 children with unilateral inguinal hernia or unilateral hydrocele treated in our hospital were selected and randomly divided into two groups, with 150 children in each group. In the study group, there were 145 males and five females aged 1.3 - 13.5 years (average age: 4.57 ± 1.26 years). The control group included 143 males and seven females, with an age of 1.5 - 12.0 years (average age: 4.72 ± 1.33 years). During surgery, CPPV was not detected in 120 children in the study group and 114 children in the control group. The children with CPPV in the control group were all treated with high ligation, while some children in the study group received high ligation according to intraoperative conditions. General data showed no significant differences between the two groups suggesting comparability (Table 1).

Table 1.

Comparison of General Data Between the Two Groups (X- ± S) (n = 150) a

IndexStudy GroupControl Groupt/χ2P
Gender (male, %)1451430.350.56
Age (y)4.57 ± 1.264.72 ± 1.330.970.32
Classification1.200.27
Hydrocele7685
Inguinal hernia7465
Lesion site0.220.64
Left6460
Right8690
Contralateral patent processus vaginalis (No. (%))58 (39)53 (35)0.470.50

a P > 0.05

3.2. Surgical Method

Under general anesthesia, children were in the supine position, with the affected side elevated. After routine disinfection and sheet laying, a 5-mm Trocar channel was made through the lower edge of the umbilicus to establish a pneumoperitoneum (the pressure was maintained at 8 - 10 mmHg). Then, instruments for abdominal surgery were inserted to explore the contents and adhesion of the processus vaginalis on the affected side. A small incision was made at the body surface projection of the internal ring on the affected side and pierced by a puncture needle (movable retractor) with a double No. 0 mousse thread. Subsequently, blunt separation was performed extraperitoneally on the inner side of the internal ring of the affected side, and the abdominal cavity was punctured crossing the vas deferens and spermatic vessels. One end of the thread was left in the abdominal cavity, and the needle was withdrawn to the extraperitoneal needle entry point through the original route. Afterward, the needle sneaked extraperitoneally along the outer side of the internal ring, reached the same puncture point, entered the abdominal cavity, hooked up the thread head left in the abdominal cavity and guided it out of the body, and then was withdrawn. Double knotting of the thread and high ligation of the processus vaginalis on the affected side was conducted. When knotting, the testis on the affected side was pulled to reduce the possibility of overlapping of the spermatic vessels or vas deferens on the affected side.

The method for exploring and determining CPPV is as follows. Under laparoscopy, the contralateral processus vaginalis was found open, and the bottom could not be seen. The edge of the internal ring was lifted with dissecting forceps, and it was found that there was a small foramen at the bottom extending to the inguinal canal, with obvious depression of the internal ring. In the control group, CPPV was found, and the same method was used for high ligation of the internal ring. Exploration of the abdominal cavity showed no obvious active bleeding or blood oozing, and then Trocar was withdrawn. The subcutaneous tissue of each incision was sutured with absorbable suture, and the skin edge was glued using biological glue and applied externally with auxiliary materials. Finally, the surgery ended. The study group was treated in the following cases: (1) the size of the scrotum changed after pneumoperitoneum compression, and the pneumoperitoneum pressure was limited to 8 - 10 KP; (2) laparoscopy could reach the bottom of the scrotum from the internal ring; (3) when squeezing the scrotum, there was gas or liquid discharged from the internal ring; and (4) laparoscopic exploration presented that CPPV was spongy (8). Without such conditions, treatment was not carried out.

3.3. Observation Indices

During surgery, the occurrence of CPPV was recorded in all children. Then, (1) the prevalence of CPPV between children with unilateral indirect inguinal hernia and unilateral hydrocele was compared; (2) the prevalence of CPPV between left and right PPV was compared (PPV = indirect inguinal hernia + hydrocele); (3) the prevalence of CPPV was compared among different ages; (4) in the follow-up comparison, both groups were followed up for one year after surgery; then, the incidence of transformation of CPPV to indirect inguinal hernia or hydrocele was compared. Significant differences between the two groups receiving different treatments were examined.

3.4. Statistical Analysis

All data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 20.0. The measurement data were expressed as (X- ± S). The data between the study group and the control group were compared by the independent two-sample t-test. The percentages were compared using the χ2 test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

4. Results

4.1. Prevalence of Contralateral Patent Processus Vaginalis Between Children with Unilateral Indirect Inguinal Hernia and Unilateral Hydrocele

The prevalence of CPPV was 23% in children with unilateral indirect inguinal hernia and 49% in children with unilateral hydrocele. The prevalence of CPPV in children with unilateral hydrocele was significantly higher than that in children with inguinal hernia (P = 0.00), as shown in Table 2.

Table 2.

Comparison in the Prevalence of Contralateral Patent Processus Vaginalis Between Children with Unilateral Indirect Inguinal Hernia and Unilateral Hydrocele (X- ± S) (n = 300)

GroupnContralateral Patent Processus VaginalisPrevalence a
Indirect inguinal hernia1393223%
Hydrocele1617949%
χ214.67
P0.00

a P < 0.05

4.2. Prevalence of Contralateral Patent Processus Vaginalis Between Left and Right Patent Processus Vaginalis

The prevalence of CPPV was 42% in children with left PPV and 33% in children with right PPV, without a statistically significant difference (P = 0.19), as seen in Table 3.

Table 3.

Comparison in the Prevalence of Contralateral Patent Processus Vaginalis Between Left and Right Patent Processus Vaginalis (X- ± S) (n = 300) a

Site of OnsetnContralateral Patent Processus VaginalisPrevalence b
Left1245342%
Right1765833%
χ21.73
P0.19

a Patent processus vaginalis = indirect inguinal hernia + hydrocele

b P > 0.05

4.3. Prevalence of Contralateral Patent Processus Vaginalis Among Different Ages

The prevalence of CPPV was 63% in children aged 1 - 2 years, which was significantly higher than that in other age groups (χ2 = 7.46, P = 0.01). The prevalence of CPPV was 14% in children aged > 6 years, which was significantly lower than that in other age groups (χ2 = 4.43, P = 0.04) (Table 4 and Figure 1).

Table 4.

Comparison in the Prevalence of Contralateral Patent Processus Vaginalis at Different Ages (X- ± S) (n = 300)

Age (y)nContralateral Patent Processus VaginalisPrevalence
< 1581729%
1 - 21167363% a
2 - 6841518%
> 642614% a

a P < 0.05

Comparison of the prevalence of contralateral patent processus vaginalis at different ages (P < 0.05)
Comparison of the prevalence of contralateral patent processus vaginalis at different ages (P < 0.05)
Figure 1.

Comparison of the prevalence of contralateral patent processus vaginalis at different ages (P < 0.05)

4.4. Follow-up of Different Treatments

A total of 58 children were included in the study group, among whom 11 met surgical conditions and received high ligation of the internal ring. All 53 CPPV children in the control group underwent high ligation of the internal ring. Postoperatively, both groups were followed up for one year, revealing that the recurrence rate of inguinal hernia or hydrocele was 9% (n = 5) in the study group and 1% (n = 1) in the control group, without a statistically significant difference (P = 0.25).

5. Discussion

Congenital PPV in children is a common disease in pediatric urology, which can lead to an indirect inguinal hernia and a spermatic cord or testicular hydrocele in children (9). Rothenberg and Barnett reported for the first time that unilateral inguinal hernia exploration detected CPPV, with an incidence of 20.0% to 39.7% (10). Surgical exploration and repair is the most common treatment method for inguinal hernia and hydrocele (11). With the continuous development of minimally invasive surgery, laparoscopy has been widely used in this field. Compared with open surgery, laparoscopic surgery has the advantages of a small incision, less trauma to the body, less pain, less bleeding, rapid postoperative recovery, fewer complications, and beautiful incision healing (12).

Because of the hidden existence of CPPV, most cannot be accurately evaluated by physical examination or imaging before surgery (13). There also are different opinions on whether CPPV detected during surgery should be treated simultaneously. Jo et al. (14) believe that early intervention in CPPV in the first surgery can reduce the incidence of surgical complications and avoid secondary surgery. However, Muensterer and Gianicolo (15) hold that with the increasingly mature diagnosis and treatment technology, it is not necessary to intervene in CPPV without obvious clinical symptoms, so as to reduce the invasive risk in the contralateral inguinal region of children.

Laparoscopy can enlarge the visual field and observe CPPV more intuitively. It has become an ideal tool for intraoperative diagnosis of CPPV with its high sensitivity and specificity (16). We intraoperatively explored the contralateral side of 300 children and found 111 cases of CPPV. After analysis, the prevalence of CPPV showed no significant difference between children with left and right PPV. Additionally, the prevalence of CPPV was 63% in children aged 1 - 2 years, which was significantly higher than that in other age groups. The prevalence of CPPV was 14% in children aged > 6 years, which was significantly lower than that in other age groups. The above data are consistent with the reported results (17). However, the prevalence of CPPV in children with unilateral hydrocele was higher than that in children with inguinal hernia, at about 49%. The reason may be that our center focuses on pediatric urology, so the number of children with hydrocele is larger than that of children with inguinal hernia.

There are generally two types of endoscopic morphology of CPPV: Cavernous type, which is readily detected, and fissure type, which is hidden and prone to miss the diagnosis. Usually, the chance of CPPV transforming into a hydrocele or inguinal hernia is small. The probability of recurrent hydrocele or inguinal hernia after routine repair and ligation for CPPV is 1/21 (18). Therefore, McClain et al. (19) believe that routine repair is not recommended for asymptomatic or hidden contralateral defects so as to potentially reduce the risk of contralateral injury caused by surgery. Zhu et al. (20) hold that when CPPV coexists, the scrotum changes after increasing intra-abdominal pressure, the internal ring can pass through the laparoscopic lens (5 mm), CPPV is spongy, and the internal ring has gas or liquid discharge when squeezing the scrotum, there is more likelihood of developing hydrocele or inguinal hernia in the future, which needs to be ligated and repaired during surgery. In our study, the above conditions were detected intraoperatively and then treated, and the recurrence rate was 9% in one-year follow-up postoperatively. In the control group, all detected CPPV cases were treated, and the recurrence rate was 1% in postoperative one-year follow-up. No statistically significant difference was found in the recurrence rate between the two groups (P = 0.25), as shown in Table 5. It is confirmed that the treatment of CPPV meeting the requirements and the treatment of all detected CPPV cases have a similar therapeutic effect.

Table 5.

Follow-up Comparison Between Different Treatments (X- ± S)

GroupnNumber of Ligations (n)Number of Recurrent CasesRecurrence Rate a
Study group581159%
Control group535311%
χ21.33
P0.25

a P > 0.05

5.1. Conclusions

In conclusion, the prevalence of CPPV decreases with age. Hydrocele combined with CPPV is more common. For younger children with hydrocele, it is very important to explore the contralateral side during surgery. Moreover, the transformation of CPPV to indirect inguinal hernia or hydrocele rarely occurs, and only eligible children can receive simultaneous treatment during surgery.

The limitations of this study lie in the small sample size and short follow-up. Because it takes some time for CPPV to transform into an indirect inguinal hernia or hydrocele, a longer follow-up is particularly important. In the future, we will continue to enlarge the sample size and prolong the follow-up duration so as to further evaluate the long-term efficacy of individualized treatment for CPPV detected during surgery.

References

  • 1.

    Johnson KN, Criss CN, Hirschl RB, Ladino-Torres M, Yang D, Jarboe MD. Ultrasound-guided pediatric inguinal hernia repair. J Pediatr Surg. 2021;56(7):1240-5. [PubMed ID: 33812656]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.02.053.

  • 2.

    Wong YS, Pang KKY, Ma ALT, Tong PC, Tam YH. A standardized technique of laparoscopic placement of peritoneal dialysis catheter with omentectomy and closure of patent processus vaginalis: A 3-in-1 minimally invasive surgical approach in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2020;55(9):1914-9. [PubMed ID: 31662192]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.09.033.

  • 3.

    Mortellaro VE, Gasior AC, Knott EM, Shah SR, Ostlie DJ, Holcomb G3, et al. Is there an increased risk of complications with laparoscopy looking for a contralateral patent processus vaginalis? J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2012;22(7):710-2. [PubMed ID: 22870947]. https://doi.org/10.1089/lap.2012.0044.

  • 4.

    Muta Y, Odaka A, Inoue S, Takeuchi Y, Beck Y. Female pediatric inguinal hernia: uterine deviation toward the hernia side. Pediatr Surg Int. 2021;37(11):1569-74. [PubMed ID: 34424379]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-021-04982-3.

  • 5.

    Dreuning KMA, Ten Broeke CEM, Twisk JWR, Robben SGF, van Rijn RR, Verbeke J, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of preoperative ultrasonography in predicting contralateral inguinal hernia in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2019;29(2):866-76. [PubMed ID: 30054793]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC6302883]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5625-6.

  • 6.

    Wang F, Shou T, Zhong H. Is two-port laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (T-LESS) feasible for pediatric hydroceles? Single-center experience with the initial 59 cases. J Pediatr Urol. 2018;14(1):67 e1-6. [PubMed ID: 29108870]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.09.016.

  • 7.

    Patoulias I, Koutsogiannis E, Panopoulos I, Michou P, Feidantsis T, Patoulias D. Hydrocele in Pediatric Population. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 2020;63(2):57-62. [PubMed ID: 32771069]. https://doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2020.17.

  • 8.

    Li Y, Wu Y, Wang C, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Ji Y, et al. Incidence of pediatric metachronous contralateral inguinal hernia and the relationship with contralateral patent processus vaginalis. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(4):1087-90. [PubMed ID: 30255331]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-018-6359-x.

  • 9.

    Doudt AD, Kehoe JE, Ignacio RC, Christman MS. Abdominoscrotal hydrocele: A systematic review. J Pediatr Surg. 2016;51(9):1561-4. [PubMed ID: 27421822]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.06.012.

  • 10.

    Rothenberg RE, Barnett T. Bilateral herniotomy in infants and children. Surgery. 1955;37(6):947-50. [PubMed ID: 14373316].

  • 11.

    Esposito C, Escolino M, Turra F, Roberti A, Cerulo M, Farina A, et al. Current concepts in the management of inguinal hernia and hydrocele in pediatric patients in laparoscopic era. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2016;25(4):232-40. [PubMed ID: 27521714]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2016.05.006.

  • 12.

    Banieghbal B. Laparoscopic Excision of Patent Processus Vaginalis for Pediatric Hydroceles. Cureus. 2021;13(10). e18416. [PubMed ID: 34646588]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC8486404]. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.18416.

  • 13.

    Zakaria OM. Patent Contralateral Processus Vaginalis in Infants and Children: Is Herniotomy Justified? Oman Med J. 2018;33(6):481-5. [PubMed ID: 30410690]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC6206417]. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2018.89.

  • 14.

    Jo HU, Yoo DS, Park J, Park HS, Shin HB, Woo SH. Independent risk factors for contralateral patent processus vaginalis undetected by pre-operative ultrasonography in boys with unilateral inguinal hernia. Pediatr Surg Int. 2019;35(5):591-5. [PubMed ID: 30729303]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-019-04444-x.

  • 15.

    Muensterer OJ, Gianicolo E. Contralateral processus closure to prevent metachronous inguinal hernia: A systematic review. Int J Surg. 2019;68:11-9. [PubMed ID: 31185313]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.06.001.

  • 16.

    Kangwen C, Guihe W. Efficacy of Laparoscopic Percutaneous Extraperitoneal Closure for Unilateral Inguinal Hernia in Children and Significance of Simple Exploration Maneuver for Contralateral Patent Processus Vaginalis: A Retrospective Study. Am Surg. 2018;84(5):732-8. [PubMed ID: 29966576].

  • 17.

    Miyake H, Fukumoto K, Yamoto M, Nakajima H, Sekioka A, Yamada Y, et al. Risk factors for recurrence and contralateral inguinal hernia after laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure for pediatric inguinal hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2017;52(2):317-21. [PubMed ID: 27894761]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.11.029.

  • 18.

    Zhao J, Chen Y, Lin J, Jin Y, Yang H, Wang F, et al. Potential value of routine contralateral patent processus vaginalis repair in children with unilateral inguinal hernia. Br J Surg. 2017;104(1):148-51. [PubMed ID: 27778329]. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10302.

  • 19.

    McClain L, Streck C, Lesher A, Cina R, Hebra A. Laparoscopic needle-assisted inguinal hernia repair in 495 children. Surg Endosc. 2015;29(4):781-6. [PubMed ID: 25106720]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-014-3739-8.

  • 20.

    Zhu LL, Xu WJ, Liu JB, Huang X, Lv ZB. Comparison of laparoscopic hernia repair and open herniotomy in children: a retrospective cohort study. Hernia. 2017;21(3):417-23. [PubMed ID: 28424930]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10029-017-1607-x.