1. Background
The rate of congenital heart disease is 0.8% in all live births (1). The majority of this, however, is acyanotic congenital heart disease. The survival rate of children with cardiac disease has increased with the developments provided in recent years and their lifetime is extended. Therefore, it has gained priority to have similar characteristics with their healthy peers by raising the quality of life, and motor and mental development of these patients.
It is known that cerebral developmental problems are seen more common in children with congenital heart disease than in normal population (2, 3) and in addition, brain maturation is delayed (4). Periventricular leukomalacia has been determined at a quite high rate in mature-born children with congenital heart disease (5, 6). It has been shown that behavioral and neurological impairments develop in some of children with congenital heart disease and academic performances and intellectual functions remain behind compared to those of their healthy peers (7). Nevertheless, studies performed focused on the children with complex congenital heart disease. It has been established that if cardiac disease is more complex, neurodevelopmental impairments increase at that rate (4, 5). No neurodevelopmental evaluation of children with acyanotic congenital heart disease has been carried out yet.
Neurodevelopment of children with congenital heart disease is determined with genetic and environmental factors as in that of healthy children. Although genetic factors are unchangeable, environmental factors are changeable. Therefore, it is important that these factors are presented.
2. Objectives
In this study, it was aimed to evaluate mental, emotional, social and psychomotor development of children with acyanotic congenital heart disease in preschool period and factors affecting it.
3. Patients and Methods
132 patients aged 6 - 72 months and followed-up with acyanotic congenital heart disease (CCD) at Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Cardiology Department, were evaluated.
Patients whose weight, height and head circumference percentiles were within normal limits; with no accompanying other chronic diseases and without any inherited mental and motor disease history were evaluated in the study. Patients’ undergone cardiac surgical operation or those with heart failure and known genetic impairments were not included in the study to exclude genetic structural problems and issues based on operative factors and potential cerebral blood supply related to hypoxia and hypotension. Patients younger than 6 months old were not involved in the study due to application disorder of psychomotor tests. Healthy control group was not included in the study.
Since adverse effects of iron deficiency anemia were proved on neurocognitive functions, to evaluate anemia and iron deficiency conditions of patients; hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red blood cell distrubution width (RDW), iron, iron binding capacity (IBC), transferrin saturation (TS) and ferritin levels of all patients were assessed. Patients who had iron treatment in the last 3 months or had received blood transfusion were not included in the study.
Income level, birth history, breast milk intake, prenatal, natal and postnatal history at the first admission. Given the minimum subsistence conditions of the country, those with < 1000 TL monthly income levels were considered as low income and those with > 3000 TL were regarded as high income families. Written consent was obtained from families for the study.
3.1. Neurodevelopmental Evaluation
Denver developmental screening test II (DGTT II) was applied to all patients. Test and survey were carried out by a pediatrician with DGTT II certificate. Stanford Binet was performed to cases over two years old and Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III was applied to those at the age of two and under two to get developmental evaluation and scores. Development screening test and behavior scores were carried out by a psychologist unaware of the illness of cases in psychometry room.
Development Scale-III for Bayley Babies consists of scales completing each other to evaluate developmental conditions of children aged 2 - 30 months old (8, 9). Evaluations are conducted in two different fields including mental development scale and movement development scale. The conditions for Bayley Mental Development Scale are as follow: < 69: intellectual disability, 70 - 84: mean developmental delay (dull normal), 85 - 114: normal, > 115: good developmental performance (bright normal).
Mental level of children aged over two years was measured by Stanford Binet intelligence test. The conditions for Stanford Binet are regarded as follow: 70 - 79 borderline mental retardation, 80 - 89 dull normal, 90 - 109 normal intelligence, 110 - 119 bright intelligence (10).
DGTT II consists of 116 items collected under four sections on the test form to overview developmental areas. This section accounts for 1. Personal-social 2. Fine-motor 3. Language development and 4. Gross-motor development. While test results are evaluated, it is assessed as advanced if the child demonstrates skills eligible for older ages than his or hers; if they are proper for his/her age it is regarded as normal; if the child cannot exhibit skills proper for his/her age and they are appropriate for those under his/her age, it is accepted as delay. If the child cannot demostrate skills eligible for older ages and refuses to carry out skills proper for his/her age, warning point is given to him/her (11, 12). The result of DGTT II is evaluated as below:
Normal development: There is no delay or at maximum one warning.
Abnormal development: There is one or more than one delay situation; the child is recommended to be sent to the center for diagnostic evaluation.
Suspicious development: It is a situation involving one delay, one delay and one warning or two or more than two warnings. The test is repeated three months later and if it is found suspicious again, it is sent for diagnostic evaluation.
The study was carried out by obtaining Dr. Zekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Training and Research Hospital Ethics Committee approval (approval date/number: 14.5.2013/15).
3.2. The Analysis of Data
Statistical evaluation was carried out with SPSS 16 (social package for social sciences) statistical computer program. When the number of cases was lower than 30, non-parametrical tests and median values were used. In the event variable was qualitative, comparisons were performed with chi-square test between groups. Non-parametrical Kruskal-Wallis test was carried out in comparison of median values of independent groups. When a statistically significant value was found, Mann-Whitney U test was used for further evaluation. Wilcoxon test was used for further evaluation in comparison of dependent group median values. Results were assessed in 95% confidence interval and at significance P < 0.05 level.
4. Results
The study comprises 132 patients with acyanotic congenital heart disease including 67 (50.8%) females and 65 (49.2%) males aged 6 - 72 (average 35.2 ± 19.6) months. The distribution of diagnoses showed atrial septal defect (ASD) 67 (50.8%), ventricular septal defect (VSD) 34 (25.8%), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 18 (13.6%), aorta coarctation (AC) 8 (6%), ASD+PDA 1 (0.75%), VSD+PDA 1 (0.75%), pulmonary stenosis (PS) 1 (0.75%) and aortic setenosis.
Weight-height percentiles of all cases were between 3 - 97. While the average age of mothers involved in the study was 29.6 ± 5.5 years that of fathers was 33.6 ± 5.6 years. 25 (18.9%) cases were determined with kin marriage in their family history. The number of working mothers was 22 (16.7%) and 2 of them (1.5%) had never breastfed. Supplementary food was initiated on time in 85% of cases; hovewer, it was delayed in 15%. 74 (56%) of the cases got formula support in any period of their nourrishment, 58 (43.9%) were never breastfed. Survey results of patients’ parents included in the study are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.Survey Results of all Patients’ Parentsa
| Variables | Number (%) |
|---|---|
| 25 (18.9) | |
| Higher education in mother or father | 36 (27.2) |
| Lower education in mother or father | 47 (35.6) |
| Low income level | 17 (12.8) |
| Average income level | 97 (73.4) |
| High income level | 18 (13.6) |
| < 1000 gr | 2 (1.5) |
| 1000 - 2000 gr | 7 (5.3) |
| > 2000 gr | 123 (90.9) |
| 30 (22.7) | |
| 22 (16.7) | |
| 12 (9) | |
| 1 (0.8) | |
| L-thyroxin | 4 (3) |
| Antihypertensive | 2 (1.5) |
| Hypothyroidism | 4 (3) |
| Gestational diabetes | 2 (1.5) |
| Preeclampsia | 2 (1.5) |
| Less than 6 months | 31 (23.3) |
| More than 6 months | 99 (75) |
| 112 ( 85) | |
| 26 (19.7) |
aN = 132.
4.1. The Evaluation Results of Stanford Binet and Bayley Mental Development Scale III
The test results of Stanford Binet and Bayley Mental Development Scale III regarding all case groups are given in Table 2. When psychometric test results were standardized by ignoring the age of patients, 84% of the case group was found in normal interval (Table 2).
Table 2.Psychometric Test Evaluation Results of Patients
| General Results | Number (%) |
|---|---|
| 3 (2) | |
| 10 (8) | |
| 111 (84) | |
| 8 (6) | |
| 132 (100) |
The specific impairments seen in Stanford Binet and Bayley Baby Development Scale evaluations in cases are shown in Table 3. The conditions such as speech problem in five patients, attention deficit in four patients, hyperactivity disorder (DEHB) and learning disability in ten patients, and/or growth retardation and motor retardation in four patients were determined (Table 3).
Table 3.Specific Impairments Determined in Children With Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
| Specific Impairments | Number (%) |
|---|---|
| 99 (75) | |
| 7 (5.4) | |
| 4 (3) | |
| 5 (3.8) | |
| 3 (2.3) | |
| 10 (7.5) | |
| 4 (3) | |
| 132 (100) |
Abbreviation: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
No significant effect of conditions such as prematurity, sex, medicine use in pregnancy, smoking and present disease history, breast milk intake period and formula use was established in psychometric evaluation results of patients (P > 0.05).
The cases under two years old with incubator care in birth got significantly lower points (median 88 ± 4.2) in Bayley Mental Development Scale evaluation than those without incubator care (93.17 ± 8.5) (P = 0.028). No significant effect associated with incubator care was observed in other psychometric evaluation results (Table 4).
Table 4.Comparison of Incubation Care and Psychometric Test Scores
| Number | 10 | 35 | 45 | 4.86 | 1 | .028 |
| Median | 88 ± 4.2 | 93.17 ± 8.5 | 92.12 ± 8 | |||
| Number | 10 | 35 | 45 | 1.76 | 1 | .185 |
| Median | 90.2 ± 3.7 | 93.61 ± 9.6 | 92.91 ± 8.8 | |||
| Number | 20 | 67 | 87 | 1.2 | 1 | .73 |
| Median | 97 ± 11.6 | 100.21 ± 8.1 | 99.44 ± 9.1 | |||
The level of education of mothers did not constitute a significant difference on psychometric evaluation results (P > 0.05). A statistically significant difference was seen in terms of Bayley Mental Development Scale values between groups of father education level (P < 0.05). Bayley mental developmental scale values were significantly lower in fathers with secondary school degree and those lower than that compared to those with high school degree. Stanford Binet test values were significantly lower in fathers with secondary school or under it degree compared to those with high school degree (P = 0.03) (Table 5).
Table 5.Psychometric Test Scores According to Father Education Level
| Father Education Level | Number | Average (Min-Max) | Kruskal Wallis H Test | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Line | H | Primary High School Comparison P | |||
| Primary and secondary | 12 | 88.3 ± 3.4 (83 - 96) | 15.7 | 7.0 | .03 |
| High school | 24 | 92.4 ± 7.3 (73 - 115) | 27.7 | NA | NA |
| University and over | 9 | 95.5 ± 11,7 (82 - 119) | 28.9 | NA | NA |
| Total | 45 | 92.1 ± 8.1 (73 - 119) | NA | NA | NA |
| Primary and secondary | 33 | 97.86 ± 10.8 (77 - 118) | 44.84 | 11.3 | .02 |
| High school | 34 | 99.78 ± 8.3 (80 - 120)I | 48.44 | NA | NA |
| University and over | 25 | 103 ± 7.84 (84 - 119) | 61.96 | NA | NA |
| Total | 87 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Abbreviation: NA, not available.
The evaluation carried out by Binet development test revealed that the higher income led to a significant increase in median points (P = 0.02). No significant relationship was determined in an evaluation conducted with Bayley mental and movement development scales for children under six between the income level of the family and development tests (Table 6). When psychometric data were examined according to monthly income levels and study groups, no statistically significant difference was identified.
Table 6.Psychometric Test Points According to Family Income Level
| Psiychometric Test | Monthly Income | Number | Average Min-Maks | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 1000 | 6 | 89 ± 4.1 (81 - 97.2) | .241 | |
| 1000 - 1999 | 25 | 91.9 ± 7.4 (76 - 106) | ||
| 2000 - 2999 | 11 | 94.8 ± 10.9 (70 - 115) | ||
| > 3000 | 3 | 90 ± 6.5 (77 - 103) | ||
| Total | 45 | 92.1 ± 8 (76 - 108) | ||
| < 1000 | 6 | 89.3 ± 5 (79 - 99) | .322 | |
| 1000 - 1999 | 25 | 92.9 ± 8.6 (75.9 - 110) | ||
| 2000 - 2999 | 11 | 95.9 ± 10.2 (75 - 116) | ||
| > 3000 | 3 | 89.2 ± 9.4 (69 - 108) | ||
| Total | 45 | 92.9 ± 8.8 (69 - 116) | ||
| < 1000 | 11 | 94.7 ± 9.8 (75 - 115) | .02 | |
| 1000 - 1999 | 39 | 98.1 ± 8.6 (81 - 116) | ||
| 2000 - 2999 | 22 | 101.1 ± 8.2 (85 - 118) | ||
| > 3000 | 15 | 104.3 ± 8.9 (86 - 122) | ||
| Total | 87 | 99.4 ± 9.1(81-118) |
According to hematologic characteristics of patients, their psychometric test results were compared. Ferritin levels under 12 μg/dL were defined as iron deficiency. Anemia, on the other hand, was determined as hemoglobin, hematocrit or erythrocyte values to be below 2 standard deviations of normal average values according to age and gender (13). Iron deficiency was seen in 74 (56%) out of 132 patients and iron deficiency anemia was diagnosed in 21 (15.9%) patients. Psychometric results of patients with and without anemia were compared. Psychometric test results of patients with anemia were found significantly low compared to those without anemia (Table 7).
Table 7.Psychometric Test Results According to Anemia Presencea
| Ones With Anemia (n = 21) | Ones Without Anemia (n = 111) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 (9.5) | 1 (0.9) | .003 | |
| 4 (19) | 6 (5.4) | .015 | |
| 13 (61.9) | 98 (88) | .04 | |
| 2 (9.5) | 6 (5.4) | .54 |
avalues are presented as No. (%).
4.2. Denver Developmental Screening Test II Evaluation Results
Evaluation in four areas including personal social development, language, fine and gross motor skills was performed with Denver Developmental Screening Test II. Effects such as gender, preterm birth history, incubator care, parents’ level of education and monthly income level of family on Denver developmental test results were not determined (P > 0.05) (Table 8).
Table 8.Denver Developmental Screening Test II Results of Patientsa
| Abnormal | Suspicious | Normal | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 (3.7) | 2 (1.5) | 125 (94.6) | |
| 10 (7.5) | 3 (2.2) | 119 (90) | |
| 5 (3.7) | 1 (0.7) | 126 (95) | |
| 8 (6) | 1 (0.7) | 123 (93) |
avalues are presented as No. (%).
5. Discussion
Psychomotor development in children is under the effect of many factors including particularly genetic and environmental factors. In some of children with congenital heart disease, it has been shown that behavioral and neurological defects develop; their academic performances and intellectual functions are also undeveloped (7). The delay in neurodevelopment of patients has been tried to be explained with many causes such as more frequent occurrence of cerebral developmental problems in children with congenital heart disease than in normal population (2-4), negative effects of present cardiac disease on cerebral perfusion and oxygenation; hospitalization, frequent infection, and insufficient nourishment.
It was indicated in previous studies that academic problems, behavioral abnormalities and psychosocial issues ın chıldren wıth congenıtal cardıac dısease are more frequently seen compared to those in society (7, 14, 15). Nevertheless, these studies were carried out in children with complex congenital heart disease. The studies show that psychomotor development problems continued after correction operations in children with congenital heart disease (16-18). However, an important part of the studies in question was carried out in children with all congenital heart diseases without distinguishing patients (16, 17). In the study however, children with acyanotic congenital heart disease were evaluated in terms of their cognitive features in postoperative long term, in which increased neuropsychological problems were found compared with healthy children (18). Nonetheless, preoperative evaluations of patients were not made in the study by Sarrechia et al. In the present study, we evaluated psychomotor developmental condition of children with congenital heart disease in early period whose growth development was normal and who did not have heart failure and cyanosis. We showed that specific developmental disorders were more frequently seen than normal even in children with acyanotic simple congenital heart disease. We determined that intelligence level was below normal in 13 (10%) patients and there was at least one specific developmental disorder in 33 (25%) patients. Mental retardation rate in children was reported as 1 - 3% in studies carried out in Turkey (16) and it was determined at similar rate (2%) in our study. However, dull intelligence condition (8%) and specific developmental disorders (25%) were determined at a higher level than in society. When specific developmental disorders were evaluated within itself, inattention and hyperactivity were seen in 3% of patients which was at a similar rate with society (17), nonetheless, learning difficulty was established in 10 (7.5%) patients that was a higher level than throughout the society.
In an evaluation performed by DGTT II, no factor affecting gross and fine motor, language development and personal social development points was identified in children with acyanotic congenital heart disease.
When we evaluated the factors affecting mental development of children with acyanotic congenital heart disease; no relationship was identified among situations such as gender, period of gestation, mother milk intake period, formula use, initiation of additional nutrition on time, mothers’ level of education and mental development of children with acyanotic congenital heart disease. Bayley mental development scale test points of children with acyanotic congenital heart disease under two years old were significantly lower in children who received an incubator care, had lower father education and anemia. Stanford-Binet intelligence points of children with acyanotic congenital heart disease over two years old were determined significantly lower in children whose father education was limited and who had lower family income and anemia.
Receiving incubator care of children with acyanotic congenital heart disease in neonatal period has been identified to be a risk factor for the mental development delay in the first two years of age. Bayley Mental Development Scale evaluation average points (88 ± 4.2) of cases under two years old with incubator care were significantly lower than of those without incubator care (93.17 ± 8.5) (P < 0.05). The number of patients with incubator care was 32 (24.2%) and the causes for staying in incubator were prematurity in 10 patients, respiratory distress in 11, indirect hyperbilirubinemia in 10 and hypoglicemia in 1 patient. This result supports that mental development is much more affected in perinatal period and early childhood.
Limited level of father’s education was found to be linked with mental development retardation in children with acyanotic congenital heart disease both under and over two year olds. Mental development points displayed a significant increase when income level of families escalated in patients over two years old. The results obtained made us think that mental development in shildren with acyanotic congenital heart disease were under the effect of organic factors as perinatal period health issues and anemia and after the second year of life, however, socioeconomical factors improve the effects on mental development.
A significant relationship was found between anemia and low intelligence scores in all age groups. Anemia was determined in 21 (15.9%) patients in the study. All anemias were iron deficiency anemias. Although this patient group was under close follow-up, iron deficiency anemia was encountered quite frequently. Iron is found in high quantity in oligodendrocytes in a developing brain (18). Iron deficiency is known to affect glial cell development and energy metabolism negatively and iron deficiency anemia is reported to cause deceleration in neurocognitive functions (19-22). Iron treatment has been revealed to ameliorate the viscosity symptoms of iron treatment in cyanotic and complex congenital heart disease and effort capacity of patients (23, 24). Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in acyanotic congenital heart disease patients increase heart failure findings and affect clinical picture negatively. We showed in our study that in addition to known effects of iron deficiency; it affects mental development of children with acyanotic cardiac disease in a negative way. The results that we attained put forward the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency and anemia once more.
As a result, socioeconomical difficulties, perinatal period health issues and iron deficiency anemia are most influential factors in neurodevelopment of children with acyanotic congenital heart disease.
