Keywords
COVID-19 Intimate Partner Violence Quarantine Pandemic Women
The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 emerged as a public health concern, having spread like a wild fire (1, 2). The burden of this disease, including economic, sociological, and psychological, is substantial and well documented in the literature (3-5). There are no licensed vaccines or therapeutics available as yet (6). Thus, a range of preventive measures from mitigation to containment is used by countries (1). Imposition of individuals to social distancing, school closures, business cessations, and travel restrictions by governments may not always keep individuals safe from this situation (7). Overly proactive management approaches and prolonged lockdown and quarantine measures could result in economic and psychosocial consequences (2, 3, 8).
Isolated individuals and physical distancing recommendations could decrease accessibility to resources such as health care providers and social support. Job losses and unemployment have resulted in depriving individuals of vital livelihoods and healthcare benefits and are potential causes of psychological and economic stress (1, 9). Psychological consequences due to the quarantine measures range from frustration to severe depression and stress-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (3, 4, 10). A psychosocially disrupting response that has not gotten noteworthy attention is the increase in intimate partner violence (IPV) (1, 7).
Violence against women is one of the most shameful of human rights violations. It usually refers to physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering of the women. Globally, about one-third of women involved have experienced of violence by their intimate partners during their lifespan. It is identified as an important cause of women morbidity and mortality (11). Intimate partner violence has been linked to a variety of health impacts, including anxiety, depression (12), type 2 diabetes (13), reproductive health problems such as pregnancy and fetal complications, sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancy (14), cervical cancer (15), and tendencies toward addictions, and suicide (16). Every known stressor, loss of income, and isolation all can cause or worsen the danger of IPV at home (7). Quarantine related to the COVID-19 pandemic may impose restrictive social measures for individuals. Social isolation, decreased functions, surveillance, and controlling behaviors- all known IPV risk factors- are dramatically increased during such a situation (7, 17). Additionally, decreased community resources availability, psychological and economic stressors, such as job loss or decreased income, as well as alcohol abuse, are likely to overlap with IPV risk factors and can trigger a unique wave of IPV (1, 7, 9).
Related reports indicate an increase in the incidence of IPV due to quarantine. France, Brazil, and China indicated a 30%, 40% - 50%, and 300% increase in domestic violence reports during this period, respectively (7). Recently, a similar increase in IPV has been reported in other countries such as Spain, Australia, and the United States (18). The growing trend of raising IPV cases is likely to be continued through this pandemic and also, what we see may only represent a “tip of the iceberg” of victims (1, 7). At the time of the global pandemic of COVID-19, although being quarantined and left alone at home may protect abused women from the disease, community assistance and intervention are essential to reduce the impact of IPV on women and family members during this period.
Community members should be informed about the rise in IPV during such quarantine. They can help by getting in touch with abused women constantly, supporting them and helping to find available information and support while adhering to distancing regulations. Getting support from family members and friends may be the measure of first choice for the abused women. However, giving this support becomes more difficult for them with quarantine and social distancing. Moreover, a number of cultural barriers, particularly in developing countries, make it difficult to get such support from close relatives. Some abused women may be reluctant to admit to being violated and exposing this matter or to deal with the issue since it is often a taboo in these societies (19).
All physicians and health care providers involved in COVID-19 should be informed about the increasing risk of IPV and its potential effect on women due to quarantine during this pandemic. They should be familiar with the symptoms of violence and be able to identify the abused women. They need to be trained on how they can help these women, communicate with them, and offer first-line support, including being a good listener, connecting them to support services, and having best practices to protect their safety (1, 9). Social networking is an approach that can help abused women during this period of the pandemic and isolation. It can provide an emergency contact, or a link to IPV services including SMS channels and internet-based platforms, which replace conventional in-person support (1, 20). Also, this raises public awareness and sensitizes them on this matter.
Finally, governments and policymakers should provide a supportive structure, including supportive services, shelter, and ways to make them accessible and also funding. These should be available during quarantine and continued response provided to vulnerable individuals even after the disaster is over (9). Partner violence often remains in the shadows in many societies. During this pandemic social, emotional, and economic stressors will likely be raised, and will probably continue for months to come. Failure to fully comply with these recommendations will have direct negative consequences for individuals, families, and communities for years to come.
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