1. Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30, 2020. By December 2019, COVID-19 had spread to nearly every country in the world (1). The lack of a certain treatment and vaccine and fear of acquiring the disease and dying can affect people’s physical and mental health. People may develop negative feelings (e.g., anxiety) and negative cognitive assessments, which are natural defense mechanisms (2, 3). People also intend to avoid contact with people who have suspicious symptoms (4). Public health emergencies can cause negative emotions, and in the long-term, negative emotions can weaken the immune system and disturb natural physiological mechanisms (5). Health is influenced by complex biological, psychological, social, cultural, economic, and spiritual factors. Social factors can play an essential role in creating, maintaining, and promoting health; therefore, they are effective in the occurrence, spread, and persistence of diseases (6). From this perspective, it is important to study the social factors affecting mental health (7).
Psychological well-being is influenced by many socio-cultural factors. Social support refers to the care and support that people feel they receive from other people (1). It has been shown that adequate social support has a positive effect on mental health (8), and can also improve physical health (9). Another socio-cultural factor affecting mental health is adjustment. Social adjustment refers to “accommodation to the demands, restrictions, and mores of society, including the ability to live and work with others harmoniously and to engage in satisfying interactions and relationships” (10). Adjustment includes the specific behaviors and abilities that people use to deal with everyday problems and cope with the existing situations (2). According to Rogers' theory, the unadjusted person is a person who has been threatened internally, but the adjusted person does not feel threatened (11). Adjustment includes dimensions such as community, family, emotions, occupation, health, and marriage. Some experts believe that social adjustment is superior to all other dimensions. Adaptation and its dimensions may change at any time and at any stage of social development (11). People's adaptability depends on their lifetime experiences, cognitive and social development, stress, motivations, beliefs, and sensitivities (12).
Public health officials and the media have focused more on the medical and physical consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak, and very little attention has been paid to mental health issues. Therefore, more attention should be paid to mental health in this crisis. Early detection of potential psychological changes caused by COVID-19 can help alleviate these issues. Psychological changes can be surveyed in a timely manner through emotional and cognitive indicators (13).
2. Objectives
The present study aimed to investigate the level of social support and social adjustment in Iranian society during the pandemic.
3. Methods
This cross-sectional web-based study was conducted from April to May 2020 by convenient sampling. A three-part web-based questionnaire, including demographic information, the Bell Adjustment Inventory (BAI), and Philips social support (SS-A), was used to collect data. The questionnaire was distributed as a web-link through social networks, including Telegram, WhatsApp, and Instagram. The validity and reliability of both questionnaires have already been confirmed in Iran (14, 15). The Cronbach's alpha of the BAI and SS-A questionnaires in this study was 0.79 and 0.89, respectively.
Han et al. (2020) was used to determine the sample size (16). According to this study, assuming a standard deviation = 10.3, confidence level (95%) = 0.05 and error (d) = 0.6, the minimum samples size required was 1,133. A total of 1,145 people completed the questionnaire. Questionnaires were completed anonymously. Participation in this study was voluntary.
Demographic variables included in the questionnaire were gender (male and female), marital status (single, married, divorced, and widowed), education (high school diploma or less, graduate diploma, bachelor, masters, and doctorate), financial situation that was people's opinion about their financial situation (good, moderate and poor), place of residence (city, village), and ethnicity (Gilak, Arab, Tork, Kord, Bakhtiari, Azari, Fars, Lor, and so on).
The SS-A questionnaire has 23 items, which are assessed on a 5-grade Likert scale (very high =5, high = 4, medium = 3, low = 2, very low = 1). Questions 21, 13, 10, 3, and 22 are scored in reverse. The mean score of these 23 questions is calculated. A score of 23 to 54 indicates poor social support, 55 to 86 indicates moderate social support, and 87 to 115 high social support (17).
The BAI questionnaire has 32 questions with a 3-grade Likert scale (no = 0, yes = 1, I do not know = 2). Questions 2, 8, 9, 13, 17, 19, 21, 23, 26, 30, and 31 are scored in reverse. The "I do not know" answer does not enter into the analysis. The total score of the questionnaire ranges from 0 to 32, the range 0-8 shows a high level of social adjustment, 9-19 shows moderate, and 20-32 shows poor social adjustment or social incompatibility (18).
Each province was assumed as a cluster, and Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) models were used to determine the demographic variables that were related to social support and social adjustment. All independent variables were entered into the univariable, and variables with a p-value of less than 0.2 were entered into the multivariable model. The final model was achieved using a backward selection approach. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. All of the analyses were conducted with SPSS version 26.
Ethics approval was obtained from the Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. The ethics code was IR.SKUMS.REC.1399.025.
4. Results
In this survey, most participants were female (67.9%), married (73.8%), had a high school diploma or less education (43.0%), had a moderate financial situation (65.7%), lived in the city (93.8%), and were Fars. The mean (SD) of social adjustment and social support in Iranians during the COVID-19 epidemic was 11.95 (± 5.49) and 81.45 (± 13.23), respectively.
Most people had moderate-social support (58.9%), and the rest had good- (39.9%) or poor-social support (1.8%). The situation of social support in demographic subgroups is shown in Table 1.
Table 1.The Situation of Social Support and Social Adjustment in the Demographic Subgroups (n = 1,145)
| Variables | No. (%) | Social Support | Social Adjustment | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Moderate | High | P Value | Low | Moderate | High | P Value | ||
| Overall | 1145 | 21 (1.8) | 674 (58.9) | 450 (39.9) | - | 132 (11.5) | 660 (57.6) | 353 (30.8) | - |
| Gender | 0.952 | 0.368 | |||||||
| Male | 367 (32.1) | 9 (2.5) | 211 (57.5) | 147 (40.1) | 53 (14.4) | 199 (54.2) | 115 (31.3) | ||
| Female | 778 (67.9) | 12 (1.5) | 463 (59.5) | 303 (38.9) | 79 (10.2) | 461 (59.3) | 238 (30.6) | ||
| Marital status | 0.990 | 0.713 | |||||||
| Single | 277 (24.2) | 10 (54.5) | 151 (41.9) | 116 (82.0) | 36 (13.0) | 148 (53.4) | 93 (33.6) | ||
| Divorced/widow | 23 (2.0) | 1 (4.3) | 17 (73.9) | 5 (21.7) | 1 (4.3) | 17 (73.9) | 5 (21.7) | ||
| Married | 845 (73.8) | 10 (1.2) | 506 (59.9) | 329 (38.9) | 95 (11.2) | 495 (58.6) | 255 (30.2) | ||
| Residence | 0.887 | 0.354 | |||||||
| Urban | 1074 (93.8) | 19 (1.8) | 633 (58.9) | 422 (39.3) | 121 (11.3) | 620 (57.7) | 333 (31.0) | ||
| Village | 71 (6.2) | 2 (2.8) | 41 (57.7) | 28 (39.4) | 11 (15.5) | 40 (56.3) | 20 (28.2) | ||
| Education | 0.016 | < 0.001 | |||||||
| High school diploma or less | 492 (43.0) | 9 (1.8) | 301 (61.2) | 182 (37.0) | 65 (13.2) | 304 (61.8) | 123 (25.0) | ||
| Graduate diploma | 113 (9.9) | 3 (2.7) | 77 (68.1) | 33 (29.2) | 15 (13.3) | 66 (58.4) | 32 (28.3) | ||
| Bachelor | 352 (30.7) | 6 (1.7) | 199 (56.5) | 147 (41.8) | 39 (11.1) | 206 (58.5) | 107 (30.4) | ||
| Masters/doctorate | 188 (16.4) | 3 (1.6) | 97 (51.6) | 88 (46.8) | 13 (6.9) | 84 (44.7) | 91 (48.8) | ||
| Financial situation | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||
| Good | 122 (10.7) | 0 (0.0) | 53 (43.4) | 69 (56.6) | 8 (6.6) | 66 (54.1) | 48 (39.3) | ||
| Moderate | 752 (65.7) | 11 (1.5) | 431 (57.3) | 310 (41.2) | 86 (11.4) | 419 (55.7) | 247 (32.8) | ||
| Poor | 271 (23.7) | 10 (3.7) | 190 (70.1) | 71 (26.2) | 38 (14.0) | 175 (64.6) | 58 (21.4) | ||
| Ethnicity | 0.016 | 0.587 | |||||||
| Lor/Lak/Bakhtiari | 187 (16.3) | 2 (1.1) | 103 (55.1) | 82 (43.9) | 18 (9.6) | 199 (63.6) | 50 (26.7) | ||
| Fars | 505 (44.1) | 7 (1.4) | 292 (57.8) | 206 (40.8) | 60 (11.9) | 279 (55.2) | 166 (32.9) | ||
| Gilak | 55 (4.8) | 2 (3.6) | 44 (68.8) | 19 (29.7) | 6 (10.9) | 26 (47.3) | 23 (41.8) | ||
| Tork | 64 (5.6) | 1 (1.6) | 15 (8.4) | 163 (91.1) | 6 (9.4) | 41 (64.1) | 17 (26.6) | ||
| Kord | 31 (2.7) | 1 (3.2) | 20 (64.5) | 10 (32.3) | 5 (16.4) | 18 (58.1) | 8 (25.8) | ||
| Azari | 186 (16.2) | 4 (2.2) | 119 (64.0) | 63 (33.9) | 22 (11.8) | 116 (62.4) | 48 (25.8) | ||
| Others | 117 (10.0) | 4 (3.4) | 69 (59.0) | 44 (37.6) | 15 (12.8) | 61 (52.1) | 41 (35.0) | ||
There was a significant difference in the mean score of social support in the education, financial situation, and ethnicity subgroups (P < 0.05). Associations between demographic variables and social support in univariable models are shown in Table 2. In the multivariable model, good (OR = 3.81, 95% CI: 2.29- 6.34) and moderate (OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.40 - 2.92) financial situation were significantly associated with higher social support. Also, people with a bachelor (OR=1.214, 95% CI: 1.012 - 1.458) or higher degree (OR=1.485, 95% CI: 1.101 - 2.003) had significantly more social support.
Table 2.Univariate Generalized Estimating Equation Model Results About the Association Between Demographic Variables, Social Support, and Social Adjustment
| Variables | Social Support | Social Adjustment | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P Value | OR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 1.022 (0.756, 1.381) | 0.887 | 0.914 (0.687, 1.215) | 0.534 |
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 1.060 (0.806, 1.395) | 0.675 | 1.073 (0.833, 1.382) | 0.587 |
| Divorced/widow | 0.425 (0.169, 1.065) | 0.068 | 0.910 (0.487, 1.699) | 0.767 |
| Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Residence | 0.419 | |||
| Urban | 1.021 (0.638, 1.632) | 0.932 | 1.240 (0.736, 2.090) | |
| Village | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Education | ||||
| Graduate diploma | 0.703 (0.433, 1.142) | 0.155 | 1.119 (0.859, 1.457) | 0.406 |
| Bachelor | 1.214 (1.012, 1.458) | 0.037 | 1.278 (1.017, 1.606) | 0.036 |
| Masters/doctorate | 1.485 (1.101, 2.003) | 0.010 | 2.666 (2.079, 3.418) | < 0.001 |
| High school diploma or less | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Financial situation | ||||
| Good | 3.812 (2.292, 6.340) | < 0.001 | 2.239 (1.545, 3.244) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate | 2.028 (1.407, 2.922) | < 0.001 | 1.587 (1.346, 1.871) | < 0.001 |
| Poor | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Lor/Lak/Bakhtiari | 1.136 (0.869, 1.486) | 0.352 | 0.863 (0.591, 1.259) | 0.444 |
| Gilak | 1.229 (0.817, 1.849) | 0.322 | 1.405 (0.953, 2.073) | 0.086 |
| Tork | 0.631 (0.392, 1.016) | 0.058 | 0.863 (0.552, 1.351) | 0.521 |
| Kord | 0.670 (0.441, 1.018) | 0.06 | 0.695 (0.168, 2.870) | 0.615 |
| Azari | 0.740 (0.529, 1.036) | 0.079 | 0.787 (0.443, 1.399) | 0.415 |
| Others | 0.835 (0.599, 1.164) | 0.288 | 1.053 (0.690, 1.607) | 0.812 |
| Fars | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
In this study, 57.6% of people were in the moderate, 30.8% in the high, and 11.5% in the low social adjustment group. The mean score of social adjustment was different in the education and financial situation subgroups (P < 0.05). Associations between demographic variables and social adjustment in univariable models are shown in Table 2. In multivariable models, good (OR = 3.81, 95% CI: 2.29 - 6.34) and moderate (OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.40 - 2.92) financial situation were significantly associated with higher social support. Master or doctorate education (OR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.80 - 3.15), good (OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.20 - 2.79) and moderate (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.17 - 1.69) financial situation were significantly associated with higher social adjustment (Table 3).
Table 3.Multivariable Generalized Estimating Equation Model Results About the Association Between Demographic Variables, Social Support, and Social Adjustment
| Variables | Social Support | Social Adjustment | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P Value | OR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | - | - | - | - |
| Male | - | - | - | - |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | - | - | - | - |
| Divorced/widow | - | - | - | - |
| Married | - | - | - | - |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | - | - | - | - |
| Village | - | - | - | - |
| Education | ||||
| Graduate diploma | - | - | 1.078 (0.833, 1.396) | 0.568 |
| Bachelor | - | - | 1.193 (0.960, 1.483) | 0.112 |
| Masters/doctorate | - | - | 2.385 (1.802, 3.157) | < 0.001 |
| High school diploma or less | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Financial situation | ||||
| Good | 3.812 (2.292, 6.340) | < 0.001 | 1.832 (1.204, 2.790) | 0.005 |
| Moderate | 2.028 (1.407, 2.922) | < 0.001 | 1.407 (1.171, 1.690) | < 0.001 |
| Poor | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Nationality | ||||
| Lor/Lak/Bakhtiari | - | - | - | - |
| Gilak | - | - | - | - |
| Tork | - | - | - | - |
| Kord | - | - | - | - |
| Azari | - | - | - | - |
| Others | - | - | - | - |
| Fars | - | - | - | - |
5. Discussion
In this study, most Iranians reported moderate to high levels of social adjustment and moderate to high social support during the COVID-19 epidemic. In China, during the COVID-19 epidemic, the level of social support among medical staff was directly associated with self-efficacy and sleep quality and inversely associated with anxiety and stress (16). A study on health care workers in China during the COVID-19 outbreak showed that health care workers working in the internal medicine department had less social support than health care workers who worked in other hospital departments (19). Another study in China during the COVID-19 outbreak reported individuals with higher psychological distress had less social support than those with lower psychological distress (20). Social support is defined as the perceived or actual receipt of tangible or emotional social resources and is one of the most reliable predictors of disease morbidity and mortality. Improving social support through research and appropriate policy interventions can help individuals live healthier and happier lives (9). Social support in epidemics can decrease anxiety and depression in the community and among health professionals (21). However, during the COVID-19 epidemic, limited social networking and social distancing made it difficult to obtain support from friends and family members,' and these conditions had adverse effects for individuals (22). One of the most common problems during the COVID-19 epidemic was the disintegration of people's social structures, such as place of worship, schools, and workplaces. The breakdown of these social structures made people feel isolated and vulnerable (22, 23).
Social adjustment is the ability of individuals to react effectively and profitably to social situations and relationships (24). However, during the COVID-19 epidemic, people were required to limit their social activities (25). Strategies applied for slowing the rate of disease transmission included social distancing, going out only for necessary things, self-isolation, not attending mass gathering, and closure of educational, religious, and cultural institutions (26). However, many people may not be able to comply, and this can increase their risk of infection (27, 28). However, adapting to these conditions and accepting the new social conditions was essential for controlling this epidemic (29).
One of the limitations of this study was that only volunteers participated in this study, and a random sample was not taken from the general population. Therefore, there is a possibility that people who were less stressed and more cooperative participated in this study, and in fact, they had more social support and adaptation. However, because of the COVID-19 epidemic situation and the necessity for social distancing, we had to use this method to complete the questionnaires.
In conclusion, the participants of this study had mainly moderate to high levels of social support and adjustment; however, they may not represent the whole Iranian society. Social support and adjustment were low in people with a poor financial situation and low education. These groups need more attention in epidemics.
