Therapeutic Challeng es of COVID-19 in a Patient Admitted to the Psychosomatic Ward: A Case Report

1. Introduction

According to the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), somatic symptom disorder is diagnosed when one or more persistent somatic symptoms which are associated with excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to those symptoms were present (1, 2). Physicians face various challenges in diagnosing and treating these patients and find it difficult to treat this group of patients (2, 3). The introduction of this case explains the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of 2019-nCoV infection (COVID-19) in a patient admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of somatic symptoms disorder.

2. Case Presentation

A 31-year-old single man was admitted to the psychosomatic ward due to suicidal thoughts, self-cutting, and outbursts of anger after arguing with family members. He complained of severe insomnia and some physical symptoms, including severe headache, burning of the head, and dizziness despite adherence to the medication (sertraline 100 mg per day and olanzapine 10 mg at bedtime). Psychiatric interviews revealed that since the last 2 years following an emotional stressor, he has suffered from abdominal pain, hurt burn, nausea, and body pain, which has led to his frequent hospitalizations on the internal medicine and psychosomatic floor. Along with these symptoms, he frequently suffered from depressed mood, insomnia, loss of appetite, hopelessness, irritability, the thought of death, and interpersonal dysfunction over the past two years. At times, although the patient became asymptomatic e.g., gastrointestinal symptoms were relieved some days when his mood was euthymic, gastrointestinal symptoms quickly appeared upon experiencing new stressors or recalling previous stress. The patient has never had a history of physical aggression, no history of substance abuse, and the exam of his urine test for substance was negative. He left the job nine months ago due to severe gastrointestinal symptoms. Medical examinations and paraclinical assessments, including endoscopy, colonoscopy, and laboratory tests, were performed, but all were reported as normal. Brain CT scans and electroencephalogram did not show abnormal findings, and no evidence of memory impairment was found through clinical cognitive assessments. The patient did not have evidence for the episode of mania or psychosis and based on a dual diagnosis of the somatic symptom disorders and adjustment disorder with depressed mood, sertraline 100 mg daily, olanzapine 5 mg three times daily, gabapentin 300 mg twice a day, and clonazepam 1 mg at bedtime were administrated.

The day after his admission, he complained of acute abdominal and chest pain. Chest X-rays, electrocardiogram, abdominal ultrasound, and laboratory examination, including myocardial enzymes, were examined. The results of paraclinical examinations were normal, except for liver enzymes that had doubled; levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were 129, 96, and 268 IU per liter, respectively; so the doses of sertraline, gabapentin, olanzapine, and clonazepam were reduced. Repetition of liver enzymes after seven days showed a decrease. He received several sessions of supportive psychotherapy because he did not have the skills to deal with acute stressors. Despite the reduction in drug dose, a significant improvement was observed in depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and physical symptoms.

The day that discharge planning was announced to the patient, he complained of a sore throat for the last two nights, without any other symptoms of COVID-19-like respiratory distress, shortness of breath or chest pain, cough, rhinorrhea, fever, muscle pain, and so on. Physical Examination showed erythema and some exudate in the throat, but the lungs were clear and vital signs were within normal ranges. Amoxicillin 500 mg every 8 hours was administered, and due to the concomitant pandemic of COVID-19, some laboratory evaluations were requested as an emergency. To avoid the potential risk of transmitting infectious disease, the patient was transferred to an isolated room, and emergent infectious consultation was requested.

Pulse oximetry showed PO₂ saturation as 96%. The patient's new laboratory findings suggested an infection: WBC = 9,900 /mm³, L = 18%, Hb = 16.6 g/dL, PLT = 289,000 /mm³ and CRP = 26 mg/L. The lung CT scan showed patchy multifocal multilobed pulmonary involvement in favor of COVID pulmonary involvement. The infectious disease specialist made a diagnosis of 2019-nCoV infection for the patient and recommended real-time polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) COVID-19 testing and initiation of treatment. The next day patient was discharged from the hospital, but some interventions were performed before discharge. He received a levofloxacin injection. Also, azithromycin 500 mg daily, hydroxychloroquine 200 mg every 12 hours was prescribed to use following discharge. Corrected QT Interval (QTC) was within the normal range, but considering the possibility of the emergence of respiratory distress and some drug interactions, the dose of clonazepam, gabapentin, and olanzapine was reduced before discharge. A training session was held to learn the principles of quarantine, symptoms indicating the severity of the disease, and the process of follow-up treatment. A nasopharyngeal swab was taken before discharge, although a negative result for 2019-nCoV by RT-PCR assay was obtained two days after discharge. Because it takes about 48 hours to find the result for 2019-nCoV by RT-PCR assay, and in many cases, this test has false-negative results, many physicians diagnose 2019-nCoV infection in Iran based on the patient's symptoms and the results of non-specific tests such as CBC, CRP, especially evidence of the lung involvement with Coronavirus on CT scans.

3. Discussion

Psychiatric disorders, especially somatic symptom disorder, can interfere with the care of patients infected with the 2019-nCoV. These patients may report unexplained respiratory and other symptoms of COVID-19 after being informed of their infection, or conversely, may focus on other physical or mental symptoms and do not pay adequate attention to more important symptoms. On the other hand, the patients may experience an exacerbation of the primary disorder in the face of new stress, especially patients who did not have adequate defense mechanisms and intellectual function. Another issue that should be considered in mentally ill patients is that the patient may not have sufficient insight into the importance of using protective materials and social distance, leading to the transmission of the disease to others.

Psychiatric drugs have different physical side effects that should be considered in patients with COVID-19. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like sertraline can cause slowing of heart rate, sinus bradycardia, or sinus arrest (4, 5). Some antipsychotics are associated with QT interval prolongation, and if they are taken with other drugs such as azithromycin or chloroquine, which have the same risk, the risk of QT prolongation is further increased and can lead to be fatal ventricular arrhythmia (6-8). Benzodiazepines can cause respiratory depression, so short-acting benzodiazepines with the lowest dose are recommended if necessary (6, 9). Given that most psychiatric drugs have hepatic metabolism and they may inhibit the hepatic metabolism of other medications, it is essential to pay attention to the drug interaction of psychiatric medication with some of the drugs that commonly are used in COVID-19 (6, 10). In this patient, due to the recent increase in liver enzymes, there was a need to pay more attention to this issue, and liver enzyme tests were repeated.

One important issue is the psychological effects that an infected patient has on other patients. If other patients inform that a patient who was hospitalized at the same time is infected with coronavirus, they may become worried and anxious. Stigma is an important issue in both psychiatric disorders and infectious diseases. Stigma can lead to a social distance of the infected person from others. This type of behavior change can prevent the disease from spreading (11). However, stigma can prevent healthy behaviors and lead to disease severity, disease transmission, and problems in controlling the spread of infectious diseases (12). Although the patient always tried to attract the attention of others and play the role of the patient by expressing physical complaints, he was upset about his infection with COVID and did not want other patients to know about his infection.

Another issue that may be helpful in the recent pandemic is the crucial diagnostic role for thoracic CT scan in symptomatic patients who are suspected of COVID-19 since the false-negative rate with RT-PCR COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swabs is as high as 25% - 30% (13).