Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the 47-item Mobility Questionnaire in Children with Cerebral Palsy

authors:

avatar Mansour Noori ORCID 1 , avatar Nazila Akbarfahimi ORCID 2 , * , avatar Seyed Ali Hosseini ORCID 1 , avatar Mohsen Vahedi ORCID 3

Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Rofeideh Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran

how to cite: Noori M, Akbarfahimi N, Hosseini S A, Vahedi M. Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the 47-item Mobility Questionnaire in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2022;16(4):e123340. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-123340.

Abstract

Background:

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a developmental-neurological disorder that is common in children. As children with CP have several problems and limitations regarding locomotion and mobility, accessing an assessment tool for measuring mobility is crucial.

Objectives:

This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the 47-item mobility questionnaire in Iranian children with cerebral palsy between 6 and 12 years of age in Tehran, Iran September 2019.

Methods:

In this psychometric study, 202 participants (84 girls and 118 boys, with a mean age of 95.92 months ± 23.73), 15 parents, and nine occupational therapists participated. A multistage sampling method was used. Content, construct, convergent, and face validity were estimated. Internal validity and test-retest reliability were studied, too. The convergent validity of MobQ was studied according to the gross motor functions classification scale (GMFCS).

Results:

The results showed that all items of the 47-item mobility questionnaire had a content validity higher than the minimum acceptable value (0.78 for CVR and 0.79 for CVI). Further, based on the opinions of 9 experts and 15 persons completing the questionnaire, an understandable and unambiguous questionnaire was reported regarding face validity. The evaluation of the intragroup correlation coefficient's reliability in this study also showed that ICC was 0.998 and Cronbach's alpha coefficient value was 0.996. A Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.937 was obtained to assess the convergent validity of the Persian version of the "Mobility Questionnaire" and the Gross Motor Skills Classification Scale.

Conclusions:

The results of this study, therefore, showed that the Persian version of the 47-item mobility questionnaire had good psychometric characteristics for children with CP between 6 and 12 years of age. Therefore, this questionnaire can be suitable for measuring children's mobility in research and clinical studies.

1. Background

Cerebral palsy (CP) is children's most common movement disorder, with a prevalence rate of 2.2 per 1000 live births. It refers to a group of non-progressive abnormalities in the developing brain that lead to neurological deficits, developmental delays, and postural and movement control disorders (1).

Children with CP also have difficulties with their daily function and participation, resulting in low physical activity levels, such as walking, running, and climbing stairs (2, 3). The movement limitations may vary in different environments, including both indoors and outdoors and at school (4). It may also be associated with impaired cognition, mental retardation, seizures, and sensory impairments (vision, hearing, etc.) (1). These problems result in the children's lack of independence and dependence upon caregivers; again, their participation, social relationships, and interaction with others are restricted. These consequences ultimately reduce their quality of life (3, 5).

Examining the extent of problems with functional activities such as mobility and locomotion requires accurate and sensitive tools. Several observational tools and also questionnaires are available to assess locomotion and mobility problems in children with CP (6). However, observational methods have their limitations, such as the need to spend a lot of time training assessors and the difficulty of using them (7). There are few useful tools in Iran to assess the baseline of locomotion and mobility problems in these children or to evaluate their improvement in the treatment process.

The Mobility Questionnaire (MobQ) specifically measures the problems and limitations of mobility and locomotion in children with CP. This questionnaire is developed to monitor mobility limitations that children with CP experience. According to the definitions of the International Classification of Function, Disability, and Health (ICF), mobility limitation is defined as the difficulty that children have in performing motor activities (mobility. The mobility questionnaire comprehensively examines the movement limitations that a child experiences during the day. The MobQ measures individual participation indoors and outdoors and is a suitable and accurate tool (8).

The MobQ focuses on 47 motor activities. For research purposes, a shorter version (Mobility Questionnaire 28) is suggested, while for clinical applications, a 47-item one is recommended (9). The Mobility Questionnaire differs in many ways from the existing mobility measurement tools. The Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) assesses the child in a standard setting (10), while the MobQ measures the care problems that children may have in their environment (indoors and outdoors) (8).

The Activities Scale for Kids and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory measure broader measures daily, while the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire Walking Scale and the Functional Mobility Scale are specific to gait assessment; however, both generally assess mobility limitations and measure mobility constraints according to the latest ICF definition (11, 12).

2. Objectives

The validity and reliability of mobility have been assessed in various categories of children with cerebral palsy. In this study, we prospectively studied the internal consistency, factor analysis, and convergent validity of the Persian version of mobility in children with cerebral palsy and the reliability of the 47-item Mobility Questionnaire.

3. Methods

3.1. Study Design

This was psychometric research. The University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences approved the study proposal. Then, we obtained ethical approval from the related committee with code IR.USWR.REC.1398.079.

3.2. Participants

In this study, 202 participants (84 girls and 118 boys, with a mean age of 95.92 months ± 23.73), 15 parents, and nine occupational therapists participated. A multistage sampling method was used to determine the construct validity and internal reliability of MobQ. The participants in the present psychometric testing study were caregivers of children aged six to 12 years. Participants were enrolled in the six private pediatric rehabilitation centers in Tehran, Iran, in September 2019. The number of participants was 202 caregivers for measuring factor analysis, convergent validity, and internal consistency, and 30 participants for the reliability part. The inclusion criteria in this study were as follows:

- Respondents who were caregivers of children with CP aged six to 12 years spent more than 11 hours a day with a child for at least a year.

- Children suspected of cerebral palsy by their physicians are referred to rehabilitation centers with a diagnosis of CP.

- Children who have no other major neurological or primary orthopedic problem

The exclusion criteria were as follows:

- An unwillingness of caregivers to respond to the MobQ at any stage of research and

- An incomplete test

3.3. Measures

3.3.1. Demographic Questionnaire

This questionnaire was used to collect information including age, gender, educational level, and parent's education level.

3.3.2. Mobility Questionnaire

This questionnaire was developed to evaluate the limitations that children with CP experience, especially in mobility. The mobility questionnaire comprehensively examines the movement limitations children experience in their daily lives, covering a range of severity levels of movement limitations. Leo D Roorda developed this questionnaire in 2010. Interrater reliability and high intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for MobQues47 (ICC 0.92) and MobQues28 (ICC 0.87) were obtained (8, 9).

3.3.3. Gross Motor Functions Classification Scale

Gross Motor Functions Classification Scale (GMFCS) is a standard observational classification system that categorizes children with CP into five main groups. This classification depends on the children's gross motor abilities and limitations. The need to use assistive technologies and devices also determines the child's score. Children with maximum independence are considered at level 1, and those with minimum independence are assigned to level 5. The validity and reliability of this tool were addressed by Dehghan et al. in 2011 studied the validity and reliability of GMFCS in Persian according to what they obtained. The Persian version of GMFCS could be a reliable classification system for classifying patients with cerebral palsy by medical and rehabilitation professionals (13).

3.4. Procedure

This study was performed in three main steps: (1) Translation and cross-cultural adaptation, (2) validity (construct, face, content, and convergent validity). And (3) reliability (test-retest).

3.4.1. Translation Process and Cross-cultural Adaptation Phase

The translation and cultural adaptation of the Persian version of the mobility questionnaire were performed by the IQOLA method (14). According to the IQOLA method, two people independently translated the original English version of the mobility questionnaire into Persian. These two were bilingual and native in Persian. After preparing two different Persian versions from these two translators, a discussion was held to agree on some different phrases to make one main version. After the agreement for the built version, two other back-translation to English were done by two bilingual translators who had no information about the study.

The developer made a comparison of the English version with the original questionnaire. A pretest was conducted on the Persian version of the mobility questionnaire for face and content validity through a sample including thirty parents of children with CP. The participants reported no difficulties understanding items; consequently, the Persian version of the mobility questionnaire was finalized for further evaluation of validity and reliability.

The parents signed written informed consent. An experienced occupational therapist interviewed the parents of eligible children with CP; they were informed about the purpose and procedures of the study. The demographic data were first obtained, and then the gross motor abilities of the participants were estimated by the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). The Persian version of the mobility questionnaire was applied to all participants in two ways: Parents could be given a questionnaire for 24 hours to answer, or the assessor could read questions during one or two face-to-face sessions and then answer the questions. All 47 questions were answered within 20 - 25 minutes. After four weeks, the Persian version of the mobility questionnaire was completed again by the parents of all 200 children. The questionnaire was in paper format, and both rounds of assessment. The questionnaires were given to the parents in the clinic, as they were routine clients in the six clinics that the samples emerged from. The results of both evaluations were recorded. The data obtained from the study were analyzed with SPSS software, version 21.

3.4.2. Validity

The Lawshe method was used for content validity evaluation. The content validity index (CVI) and the content validity ratio (CVR) were used in this part. Nine experts (6 with a Ph.D. and 3 with a master's in occupational therapy and at least ten years of experience) participated and answered some questions about the necessity of each item in the questionnaire. The minimum acceptable value was based on the opinions of 9 experts, with a score of 0.78. In order to ascertain the CVI, experts' opinions on relevance, simplicity, and clarity were obtained; the numerical value of 0.79 was considered acceptable to evaluate the face validity. Accordingly, nine occupational therapists and 15 patients were surveyed regarding the comprehensibility and unambiguity of the questionnaire.

Also, to assess the convergent validity of the Persian version of the "Mobility Questionnaire," the Mobility Questionnaire and GMFCS were used. Convergent reliability is a way to examine the extent to which the evaluation results were correlated with the results of other tools. Two hundred two people completed both questionnaires in this study.

In order to assess construct validity, confirmative factor analysis (CFA) was used using the AMOS23 software. Goodness-of-fit index (GFI) for the CFA model was checked using the following criteria: Chi-2 (χ2) with a ratio < 5 as an acceptable ratio (1), as well as GFI, incremental fit index (IFI), and comparative fit index (CFI) with a cut-off ≥ 0.95 as acceptable (15). parsimonious comparative fit index (PCFI) and parsimonious normed fit index (PNFI) with a cut-off ≥ 0.5 as acceptable (15). Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) with a value < 0.08 was considered acceptable (15). Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. Test-retest reliability and convergent validity were evaluated by the intraclass and Pearson correlation coefficients, respectively. All data analyses were conducted using SPSS version 22 software, except for CFA, which was conducted using AMOS version 22.

3.4.3. Reliability

For the test-retest reliability, 30 parents answered the MobQ after one week, again (16). The gained scores in the first and second assessments were then computed with intra-class coefficients (ICC). Scores were interpreted as fair (0.40 - 0.59), good (0.60 - 0.75), and excellent (≥ 0.75) (17). Anchoring the items was done to calibrate measures in both assessments (18). The standard error of measurement (SEM) was also obtained for agreement measures.

ICC equal to or higher than 0.85 was considered an acceptable minimum of reliability. Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to evaluate internal consistency. Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to or higher than 0.70 was considered the optimal level of internal consistency.

Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used for the measurements. To specify the content validity, CVI and CVR were considered. Absolute and relative reliability was then measured using the standard measurement error index (SEM) and ICC, respectively. Internal consistency was also described by calculating Cronbach's alpha. The test-retest reliability was obtained by calculating the ICC and evaluating the convergent validity according to the GMFCS.

4. Results

Two hundred children (84 girls and 118 boys), with a mean age of 95.92 months and a standard deviation of 23.73 (Table 1), participated in this study. For the content validity evaluation, the CVI and CVR were checked for all questions based on the opinions of 9 occupational therapists (Table 2). The obtained values were above the minimum acceptable value for all questions (content validity index: 0.78).

Table 1.

Demographic Characteristics of Children with Cerebral Palsy a

VariablesValues
Gender
Girl118 (58.4)
Boy84 (41.6)
Type of CP
Hemiplegia56 (27.7)
Diplegia52 (25.7)
Quadriplegia49 (24.3)
Other45 (22.3)
Educational level
school93 (46.1)
preschool16 (7.9)
No education93 (46)
GMFCS
I32 (15.8)
II44 (21.8)
III23 (11.4)
IV51 (25.2)
V52 (25.7)
Actin
Splint107 (53)
Walker20 (9.9)
Wc3 (1.5)
PWC1 (.5)
Other10 (5)
No61 (30.2)
Age, mo; maen ± SD95.92 ± 23.73
Table 2.

Factor Analysis Fit Indices of the Persian Version of Mobility in 6-12-year-old Children with Cerebral Palsy

CFAχ2dfP-valueCMIN/DfRMSEAPCFIPNFIGFIIFICFI
Model3007.751034< 0.0012.900.0770.6990.6670.9290.9310.931

Based on the opinion of 9 experts (occupational therapists) and 15 people (parents of children with cerebral palsy) who completed the questionnaire, the Persian version of the mobility questionnaire was shown to be understandable and unambiguous. The ICC in this study was 0.998, with a 95% confidence interval, thus indicating the questionnaire's appropriate reliability. Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient in this study was 0.996, thus showing that the questionnaire had high internal consistency. In order to assess the convergence validity of the Persian version of the "Mobility Questionnaire," this questionnaire and the GMFCS were completed by 202 people. A high negative correlation coefficient (0.937) was found between the two questionnaires.

In this study, 202 children with CP with an age range of 23.73 ± 95.92 participated. The boys were 58.4%, and the girls were 41.6% of this population. The GMFCS scores showed 25.7% in level 5, 27.7% hemiplegia, and 53% using splints outdoors.

4.1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Fitting indices showed that the one-factor structure of the mobility scale has a good and acceptable fit in the community of children aged 6-12 years with cerebral palsy. (RMSEA = 0.077, PCFI = 0.699, PNFI = 0.667, GFI = 0.929, IFI = 0.931 and CFI = 0.931) (Table 2). Therefore, the mobility scale is one-dimensional and was confirmed based on confirmatory factor analysis. All factor loads of the mobility items were greater than 0.7 and significant (all PS < 0.001) (Table 3).

Table 3.

Factor Loading of 47 Items of Mobility

Item NumberMean ± SDFactor LoadingItem NumberMean ± SDFactor Loading
Mobility 13.14 ± 1.240.744Mobility 252.12 ± 1.600.953
Mobility 23.12 ± 1.190.729Mobility 262.14 ± 1.620.945
Mobility 32.81 ± 1.380.843Mobility 272.10 ± 1.610.954
Mobility 42.63 ± 1.500.856Mobility 282.14 ± 1.590.948
Mobility 52.55 ± 1.510.902Mobility 292.11 ± 1.590.947
Mobility 62.55 ± 1.510.914Mobility 302.08 ± 1.590.945
Mobility 72.66 ± 1.400.840Mobility 311.91 ± 1.560.936
Mobility 82.51 ± 1.440.885Mobility 321.90 ± 1.570.925
Mobility 92.33 ± 1.540.926Mobility 331.76 ± 1.530.918
Mobility 102.23 ± 1.500.865Mobility 341.66 ± 1.490.903
Mobility 112.20 ± 1.560.897Mobility 351.80 ± 1.550.929
Mobility 122.29 ± 1.560.925Mobility 361.91 ± 1.250.663
Mobility 132.25 ± 1.540.923Mobility 371.71 ± 1.510.937
Mobility 142.26 ± 1.540.913Mobility 381.60 ± 1.500.926
Mobility 152.36 ± 1.520.851Mobility 391.60 ± 1.510.914
Mobility 162.17 ± 1.590.903Mobility 401.57 ± 1.020.911
Mobility 172.18 ± 1.550.914Mobility 411.57 ± 1.540.926
Mobility 182.01 ± 1.570.920Mobility 421.53 ± 1.460.918
Mobility 192.05 ± 1.580.926Mobility 431.46 ± 1.420.909
Mobility 202.05 ± 1.560.915Mobility 4 41.38 ± 1.310.900
Mobility 212.04 ± 1.590.925Mobility 451.39 ± 1.270.888
Mobility 2 22.08 ± 1.590.917Mobility 461.34 ± 1.220.873
Mobility 232.01 ± 1.600.925Mobility 471.32 ± 1.180.874
Mobility 242.07 ± 1.620.935

As it is mentioned in Table 4, the ICC in this study was 0.998, with a 95% confidence interval, thus indicating the questionnaire's appropriate reliability. Scores were interpreted as fair (0.40 - 0.59), good (0.60 - 0.75), and excellent (> 0.75) (17). Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient in this study was 0.996, thus showing that the questionnaire had high internal consistency. Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to or higher than 0.70 was considered the optimal level of internal consistency. In order to assess the convergent validity of the Persian version of the "Mobility Questionnaire," this questionnaire and the GMFCS were completed by 202 people. A high negative correlation coefficient (0.937) was found between the two questionnaires.

Table 4.

Psychometrics Analysis of Mobility Questionnaire

AnalysisResults
Intragroup correlation coefficient (ICC)0.998
Cronbach's alpha0.996
Spearman correlation coefficient (SCC)0.937
Standard error of measurement (SEM) 75.14%
Minimal detectable change (MDC)21%
Construct reliability (CR)0.995
The average variance extracted (AVE)0.810

Also, the values of AVE > 0.5, CR > 0.7, and CR > AVE indicate the convergent validity of the mobility questionnaire. Acceptable indicators for convergent validity are AVE > 0.5, CR > 0.7, and CR > AVE (19).

The mobility cut-off point was determined using the GMFCS scale based on characteristic functional curve (ROC) analysis. The area below the ROC curve of 0.967 was obtained with a standard error of .011 (CI: 0.945 - 0.988) (Figure 1). According to the ROC curve, the most appropriate cut-off point for measuring the mobility of children aged 6 - 12 years with cerebral palsy was 137.5; The numerical value of the sensitivity is 0.981, and the specificity is 0.180.

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of mobility scores of 6 - 12 years old children with cerebral palsy
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of mobility scores of 6 - 12 years old children with cerebral palsy

5. Discussion

This study examined the validity and reliability of a 47-item mobility questionnaire. The results indicated the appropriate validity and reliability of the mobility questionnaire in Iranian children with CP.

Reviewing the literature on the mobility questionnaire's validity and reliability showed that only two studies examined the validity and reliability of the mobility questionnaire. The present study results were consistent with both studies' results (8, 20). In another study, van Ravesteyn et al. (8) also examined the interrater and intra-rater reliability, content validity, and structure of the mobility questionnaire. The results on reliability showed that in regard to inter-rater reliability, high intraclass correlation coefficients were obtained for the 47-item mobility questionnaire (92%) and the 28-item mobility one (87%). Regarding content validity, the results showed that 46 of the 47 items of the mobility questionnaire were related to the ICF mobility category. The results related to constructing validity also showed that the decrease in scores in the mobility questionnaire was accompanied by an increase in the level of scores in the Gross Motor Functions Classification Scale. Also, there was a positive correlation between the overall scores of the mobility questionnaire and the Gross Motor Functions Measure (75% with the 47-item mobility questionnaire and 67% with the 28-item questionnaire). Based on the results, the validity and reliability of the 47-item mobility questionnaire in Iranian children with CP were also high (8, 9).

Nine occupational therapists confirmed the content validity analysis for all questions (CVR = 0.78 and CVI = 0.79). In order to evaluate the convergent validity, our hypothesis about the negative correlation between the mobility questionnaire and the GMFCS scores was confirmed, obtaining a high negative correlation between them. We did not expect a strong correlation due to the differences between GMFCS and MobQ. GMFCS can be completed based on parents' opinions, evaluating the gross skill level and classifying children into only five levels; however, the mobility questionnaire pays special attention to the details and skill level, indoors and outdoors.

One advantage of this questionnaire is its feasibility. Completing the mobility questionnaire takes relatively little time, with no problems for the child; it can be used by mail too. In addition, a significant benefit of MobQ is that it shows the potential problems during the activities that mobility is one of their demands. This feature covers the definition of mobility restrictions according to the ICF (8).

Regarding the reliability results, the 47-item mobility questionnaire had good test-retest reliability and internal consistency. So, it can measure changes in children's mobility problems during treatment. According to the factor analysis, a cut-off score of 137.5 was gained, which shows higher numbers than this amount shows a more serious problem in children with CP.

In future studies, the mobility questionnaire's responsiveness should be assessed to ensure that it can be useful for monitoring clinical changes in children's mobility limitations through time.

The present study faced some limitations that should be considered. One of the limitations that can be mentioned is that the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability study was not done. Doing these studies is suggested as well as a constructive validity study. The other limitation was the lack of similar studies of the MobQ psychometric properties in children with CP, which restricted the discussion.

At last, it can be concluded that the Persian version of the MobQ in Iranian children with CP has good validity and reliability, so therapists can use it to determine and pursue treatment goals to improve mobility in children with CP.

5.1. Conclusions

This study showed that the Persian version of the 47-item Mob-Q had good validity and reliability for Iranian children with CP. Therefore, this questionnaire can serve as a practical test to assess mobility in children with CP; it can also be used for clinical and research purposes to measure mobility in children with CP.

Acknowledgements

References

  • 1.

    Baxter P, Morris C, Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, Goldstein M. The Definition and Classification of Cerebral Palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007;49(s109):1-44. [PubMed ID: 17371509]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00001.x.

  • 2.

    Snider L, Majnemer A, Darsaklis V. Virtual reality as a therapeutic modality for children with cerebral palsy. Dev Neurorehabil. 2010;13(2):120-8. [PubMed ID: 20222773]. https://doi.org/10.3109/17518420903357753.

  • 3.

    Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Levinton A, Goldstein M, Bax M, Damiano D. The Definition and Classification of Cerebral Palsy. NeoReviews. 2006;7(11):e569-74. https://doi.org/10.1542/neo.7-11-e569.

  • 4.

    Palisano RJ, Tieman BL, Walter SD, Bartlett DJ, Rosenbaum PL, Russell D, et al. Effect of environmental setting on mobility methods of children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003;45(2):113-20. [PubMed ID: 12578237].

  • 5.

    Sewell MD, Eastwood DM, Wimalasundera N. Managing common symptoms of cerebral palsy in children. BMJ. 2014;349:g5474. [PubMed ID: 25255910]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g5474.

  • 6.

    Richards CL, Malouin F. Cerebral palsy: definition, assessment and rehabilitation. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;111:183-95. [PubMed ID: 23622163]. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52891-9.00018-X.

  • 7.

    Adde L, Rygg M, Lossius K, Oberg GK, Stoen R. General movement assessment: predicting cerebral palsy in clinical practise. Early Hum Dev. 2007;83(1):13-8. [PubMed ID: 16650949]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.03.005.

  • 8.

    van Ravesteyn NT, Scholtes VA, Becher JG, Roorda LD, Verschuren O, Dallmeijer AJ. Measuring mobility limitations in children with cerebral palsy: content and construct validity of a mobility questionnaire (MobQues). Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52(10):e229-35. [PubMed ID: 20646033]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03729.x.

  • 9.

    Van Ravesteyn NT, Dallmeijer AJ, Scholtes VA, Roorda LD, Becher JG. Measuring mobility limitations in children with cerebral palsy: interrater and intrarater reliability of a mobility questionnaire (MobQues). Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52(2):194-9. [PubMed ID: 19747207]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03341.x.

  • 10.

    Rosenbaum PL, Palisano RJ, Bartlett DJ, Galuppi BE, Russell DJ. Development of the Gross Motor Function Classification System for cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(4):249-53. [PubMed ID: 18318732]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02045.x.

  • 11.

    Costi S, Mecugni D, Beccani L, Alboresi S, Bressi B, Paltrinieri S, et al. Construct Validity of the Activities Scale for Kids Performance in Children with Cerebral Palsy: Brief Report. Dev Neurorehabil. 2020;23(7):474-7. [PubMed ID: 32508188]. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518423.2020.1764649.

  • 12.

    Feldman AB, Haley SM, Coryell J. Concurrent and construct validity of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory. Phys Ther. 1990;70(10):602-10. [PubMed ID: 2217539]. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/70.10.602.

  • 13.

    Dehghan L, Abdolvahab M, Bagheri H, Dalvand H, Faghih ZS. Inter rater reliability of Persian version of Gross Motor Function Classification System Expanded and Revised in patients with cerebral palsy. Daneshvar Med. 2011;18(6):37-44.

  • 14.

    Bullinger M, Alonso J, Apolone G, Leplege A, Sullivan M, Wood-Dauphinee S, et al. Translating health status questionnaires and evaluating their quality: the IQOLA Project approach. International Quality of Life Assessment. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51(11):913-23. [PubMed ID: 9817108]. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(98)00082-1.

  • 15.

    Kline R. Data preparation and psychometrics review. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, USA: Guilford; 2016.

  • 16.

    Ayre C, Scally AJ. Critical Values for Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio: Revisiting the Original Methods of Calculation. Meas Eval Couns Dev. 2017;47(1):79-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175613513808.

  • 17.

    Fleiss JL, Levin B, Paik MC. Statistical methods for rates and proportions. John Wiley & Sons; 2013.

  • 18.

    Bleyenheuft Y, Paradis J, Renders A, Thonnard JL, Arnould C. ACTIVLIM-CP a new Rasch-built measure of global activity performance for children with cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil. 2017;60:285-94. [PubMed ID: 28341237]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.10.005.

  • 19.

    Fornell C, Larcker DF. Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. J Market Res. 2018;18(1):39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104.

  • 20.

    Roorda LD, Scholtes VA, van der Lee JH, Becher J, Dallmeijer AJ. Measuring mobility limitations in children with cerebral palsy: development, scalability, unidimensionality, and internal consistency of the mobility questionnaire, MobQues47. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(8):1194-209. [PubMed ID: 20684900]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2010.05.009.