1. Background
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and exposure with response prevention for treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have demonstrated empirical support; however, a substantial number of patients remain with clinically significant OCD symptoms after these treatments (1-6). In recent years, one of the promising novel treatment strategies developed to improve the efficacy of treatment for patients with OCD is acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) (7, 8). ACT is a third-wave behavior therapy, which specifically focuses on decreasing experiential avoidance (EA), increasing activity in the chosen valued life direction and increasing psychological flexibility. The goal of ACT is not symptom reduction per se, but helping patients to accept aversive inner experiences (e.g. thoughts, images, emotions and bodily sensations) in the service of engaging in values-guided behavior (9).
EA is defined as unwillingness to remain in contact or experience aversive private thoughts or experiences to avoid or escape from these experiences (7). EA has been suggested to play an important role in the development and maintenance of OCD (10). EA has been hypothesized to manifest as compulsions in OCD (10). In EA perspective, patients with OCD engage in compulsions to control or reduce their unwanted obsessional thoughts, because they want to reduce negative affect associated with them (10). In support of this perspective, correlational studies have found that high levels of EA were positively associated with high levels obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms (11-13). In treating OCD, ACT targets EA and cognitive fusion through “defusion” and acceptance techniques. ACT teaches patients to create a new relationship with obsessive thoughts and anxious emotions, for example, helping patients notice that a thought is just thought and anxiety is an emotion to be felt. ACT also helps patients commit to act in the service of their valued life goals rather than spending large amounts of time trying to decrease the obsession or avoid anxious feelings. ACT helps patients to accept their obsessional thoughts and negative feelings and commit to acting in service of their valued life directions whether obsessions were occurring. Thus, these constructs would increase psychological flexibility, which is the ability to act inconsistent with patient’s meaningful life directions regardless of unpleasant inner experiences (14, 15).
ACT has demonstrated large and clinically significant improvements in OCD symptoms in adults (14-17) and adolescent (18). However, according to the best of our knowledge, there are no randomized controlled studies directly comparing the relative effectiveness of ACT with SSRIs and combination of ACT and SSRIs in the treatment of OCD.
2. Objectives
Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare ACT with SSRIs and combination of ACT and SSRIs in improvement of OC symptoms and EA.
3. Materials and Methods
In an experimental design using convenience sampling, adults with OCD were recruited from outpatients of clinics in Tehran, Iran, from February 2012 to March 2013. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. A written informed consent was obtained from patients and received complete descriptions regarding the study procedures. Inclusion criteria for the sample were: a) a primary diagnosis of OCD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) (19); b) age between 18 and 50 years; and c) OC symptoms duration of at least one year. Patients were excluded from the study if they: a) had a current or past psychotic disorder; b) had suicidal tendencies; c) had a medical illness; d) had a substance abuse disorder; e) had a personality disorder and f) had been treated with either pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy in the last one month. Forty-four patients were referred for treatment, of which 40 met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for OCD. They were interviewed by a structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders, patient edition (SCID-I/P version 2) (20) and a structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II disorders (SCID-II) (21) to verify the diagnosis by an independent evaluator (PhD level clinical psychologist). Two patients with bipolar disorder, two patients with psychotic disorder, one patient with avoidant personality disorder, two patients with OC personality disorder and one patient with borderline personality disorder were excluded from the study. In all, 32 patients fitted the inclusion/exclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to receive ACT (n = 10), SSRIs (n = 11) or combination of ACT and SSRIs (n = 11). Five patients did not complete the study. Three patients dropped out the drug group; one because of not tolerating adverse effects of sertraline and two for irregular use of fluoxetine. One patient abandoned the ACT group for needing SSRI during the treatment phase. One patient dropped out of the combination group for unknown reasons.
The mean age of the final sample (n = 27) was 26.96 ± 6.83 years; 55.6% (n = 15) of the patients were men and 44.4% (n = 12) women. Duration of OC symptoms ranged between 1 and 16 years. The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) total and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ) scores (mean ± standard deviation) for the sample were 24.40 ± 3.07 and 36.20 ± 6.08, respectively. All patients met the criteria for OCD as their primary diagnosis with 33.3% receiving one additional diagnosis. The frequency of comorbidities in each treatment condition was as follows; major depressive disorder and dysthymia, two ACT, two SSRIs, two ACT plus SSRIs; anxiety disorders, one ACT, one SSRI, one ACT plus SSRIs. OCD subtypes for the sample were washing, checking, ordering, religious/sexual/aggressive thoughts and hoarding.
ACT was based on an ACT manual for OCD developed by Twohig (14). A PhD clinical psychologist (the first author) provided ACT under the supervision of an experienced clinical psychologist in treating OCD. The ACT program included evaluating patient’s obsessions and compulsions (session 1); The “Man in the hole” metaphor was used to illustrate how patient’s efforts to regulate obsessions are ineffective (session 2); The “Tow scales” metaphor was used to illustrate possible benefits of acceptance of obsessions and anxiety rather than attempting to control or reduce them (sessions 3 and 4); using defusion, contact with present or mindfulness, and self as context exercises (sessions 5 and 6); recognize his values; and preventing relapse (sessions 7 and 8). Patients in drug group received a different SSRI (sertraline = 50 - 200 mg/d; fluoxetine = 20 - 80 mg/d) for 10 weeks, which was monitored by two psychiatrists. The combination group received both ACT and a different SSRI (sertraline = 50 - 200 mg/d; fluoxetine = 20 - 80 mg/d) for 10 weeks. Studies showed equivalent efficacy for different SSRIs in OCD (2). In this study, we did not compare the efficacy of sertraline with fluoxetine on each outcome measure at the end of treatment.
SCID-I/P and SCID-II are widely used as gold standard instruments for diagnosing axis I and axis II disorders (22). All participants were initially assessed using the SCID-I/P and SCID-II. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Y-BOCS (23, 24), AAQ (25) at the beginning and end of treatment.
Y-BOCS is a 10-item clinician administered scale used for the assessment of severity of OC symptoms. It has good psychometric properties and has shown excellent treatment sensitivity (23, 24, 26, 27). AAQ is a 9-item self-report scale, which assesses EA. Each item is rated on a 7-point scale with higher scores indicating greater EA (range: 7 - 63). It has demonstrated good internal consistency (α = 0.70) and test-retest reliability over a 4-month interval (rs = 0.64) (24). The reliability and validity of the Iranian version of the Y-BOCS (28), AAQ (29), SCID-I/P and SCID-II (30) have been evaluated and shown to be as good as their original versions.
The criteria for clinically significant change (CSC) considered a Y-BOCS total score reduction of eight scores or more from pre-treatment to post-treatment and a final Y-BOCS total score ≤ 14. Patients who achieved CSC were defined as recovered. Patients were classified as improved if they achieved reliable change that is eight score or more, but scoring above 14 on Y-BOCS total. Patients who did not achieve reliable change on the Y-BOCS were defined as unchanged (6). Full remission was defined as post-treatment Y-BOCS total score ≤ 8 (31).
Group differences were evaluated using chi-square, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) statistical procedures on each of the outcome measures using SPSS for Windows (version 16.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) statistical package.
4. Results
Using ANOVA and chi-square test, no significant difference was found between the groups regarding demographic characteristics and pre-treatment measures (Tables 1 and 2).
| Measure | Group | χ2 and F Statistic | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACT | SSRIs | Combined | ||
| 5/4 | 4/4 | 6/4 | χ2 = 0.18 | |
| 4/5 | 4/4 | 5/5 | χ2 = 0.08 | |
| 25.89 ± 5.58 | 27.13 ±4.48 | 27.80 ±9.46 | F = 0.17 | |
| 14.33 ±1.32 | 13.12 ± 2.29 | 14.20 ± 1.81 | F = 1.10 | |
| 5.22 ± 1.85 | 5.63 ± 2.67 | 6.20 ± 4.44 | F = 0.22 | |
4.1. CSC
Patients achieving CSC at post-treatment were 44.4%, 40.0% and 12.5% for ACT, combined and SSRIs groups, respectively. Two patients (22.2%) in ACT and two patients (20.0%) in combined group and two patients (25.0%) in SSRIs group met the criteria for reliability improved. Three patients (33.3%) in ACT, four patients (40.0%) in combined and five patients (62.5%) in SSRIs groups were classified as unchanged.
4.2. Full Remission
Regarding the criteria for OC symptoms full remission (Y-BOCS score ≤ 8), two patients (22.2%) in ACT and two patients (20.0%) in combined group achieved this improvement level, but none of the patients in SSRIs group had full remission.
4.3. ANCOVA Results
Table 3 displays the mean scores, standard deviation and ANCOVA results on each outcome measure at the end of treatment. The assumptions of homogeneity of variance and homogeneity of regression were met for each of the comparisons. ANCOVA results revealed significant differences between the groups on Y-BOCS and AAQ. Pair-wise post-hoc comparisons of the means of the groups showed significant differences between ACT and SSRIs as well as between combined treatment and SSRIs on the Y-BOCS and AAQ at post-treatment. However, there were no significant differences between ACT and combined treatment on the measures. Effect sizes using Cohen’s d (difference between adjusted means divided by the pooled standard deviation (32) was calculated to evaluate the size of differences between the treatment groups. Large effect sizes were found for differences between the ACT group and the SSRI group as well as between the combined group and the SSRI group on the Y-BOCS and AAQ. However, there were no significant differences between ACT and combined groups on OC symptoms and EA at post-treatment (Table 4).
| Measure | Group | F Statistic | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACT | SSRIs | Combined | ||
| 14.00 ± 4.55 | 19.88 ± 3.68 | 13.80 ± 3.85 | 05.03 | |
| 23.33 ± 5.95 | 33.50 ± 6.37 | 23.20 ± 5.32 | 12.46 | |
5. Discussion
All three treatments were effective in reducing total scores in the Y-BOCS and AAQ at post-treatment. Nevertheless, ACT and combined treatment presented significantly greater improvements in severity of OC symptoms and EA and a higher rate of complete remission of OC symptoms than those resulting from SSRIs use. Furthermore, ACT and combined treatment produced greater rates of recovery in OC symptoms compared to SSRIs alone.
Regarding OC symptoms improvement, our results were similar to those found in previous studies with ACT (14-18) and SSRIs (1, 2). The rate of reduction in the Y-BOCS in the study of Twohig et al. (15), was 47.3% at post-treatment, which is virtually the same as 41.3% reduction at the end of ACT observed in the current study. A possible explanation for the effectiveness of ACT may be the fact that reductions in EA and cognitive fusion produce greater psychological flexibility. ACT aimed at helping patients to accept their obsessional thoughts and negative feelings and commit to acting in service of their valued life goals regardless of obsessions were occurring. Increasing psychological flexibility and values-based action in the presence of obsessional thoughts and negative emotions could be a core process of change in OC symptoms (15). In support of this perspective, evidence (14-18) show that reduction in OC symptoms is due to specific processes used in ACT (i.e. acceptance and cognitive defusion). ACT processes (e.g. reductions in EA) changed prior to changes in OCD severity. In the present study, EA decreased in ACT and combined treatment groups, without significant difference between the groups. These results are inconsistent with studies of Twohig (14), Twohig et al. (15, 16) and Armstrong (18), which demonstrated reductions in EA in patients with OCD following ACT. From an ACT perspective, increasing one’s willingness to experience obsessional thoughts and negative feelings and not engage in behaviors to decrease them produces reductions in EA and compulsions (15).
The finding that ACT is more effective in improving OC symptoms than SSRIs is consistent with previous findings by Foa et al. (33), Sousa et al. (31), Abramowitz et al. (34) and Shareh et al. (35) who found the superiority of psychotherapy over anti-obsessive drugs alone in the treatment of adults with OCD. Similarly, Foa et al. (33), Shareh et al. (35) and Giasuddin et al. (36) observed that the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy reached better results than pharmacotherapy alone.
Eddy et al. (3) by reviewing 18 randomized controlled trials found that the combination treatment is more effective in reducing OC symptoms than either psychotherapy or medication alone. However, in the present study, the combined treatment was only more effective in reducing total scores in the Y-BOCS than medication alone. In this study, no significant differences were found between ACT and combined treatment regarding the OC symptoms improvement. These findings support the results of two studies (37, 38), which found no advantages of combining medication and psychotherapy compared to psychotherapy alone in treating patients with OCD, although, unlike the present study, these studies found no significant differences between combined treatment and medication alone.
The results of the present study demonstrated that combining SSRIs with ACT does not increase the effectiveness of ACT in improving OC symptoms and EA in patients with OCD in short-time. Moreover, patients treated with ACT and combined treatment experienced further improvement in OC symptoms and EA at post-treatment compared to those treated with SSRIs alone.
This study had several limitations. The sample size was small, and thus, these findings should be considered preliminary until replicated in larger sample sizes. Further researches are necessary to examine whether our results are applicable to patients with OCD and other comorbid conditions excluded from this study. The present study did not have a follow-up assessment. Therefore, future research is needed to evaluate long-term effects of all three mentioned treatments for OCD. It is recommended to perform further studies to compare the effectiveness of ACT with other empirically supported treatments and combination of these treatments with SSRIs for OCD. Despite these limitations, our results provided supporting evidence for effectiveness of ACT in helping patients with OCD to experience significant improvements in EA and OC symptoms, as well highlighted the importance and need for additional studies in this area.
