Introduction
Today, nanotechnology has attracted a great attention in different fields. The nanoparticles have nanoscale dimensions in a range of 1–100 nm with unique properties due to small size and high surface area (1). Metal oxide nanoparticles have received a research attention in many areas with unique and wide-ranging physicochemical properties (2). Bismuth oxide nanoparticle is a good candidate of metal oxide for various applications in preparation of nanostructures (3), photocatalyst (4, 5), solid oxide fuel cell (6), gas sensor (7) catalyst for oxidation of hydrocarbons (8), catalytic performance for reduction (9), water purification (10), photovoltaic (11), biomedical (12, 13), and antibacterial effect (14). Various polymorphs of bismuth oxide have included α-Bi2O3, β-Bi2O3, γ-Bi2O3, δ-Bi2O3, ε-Bi2O3, and ω-Bi2O3 based on temperature. The stable polymorph is monoclinic α-Bi2O3 in low temperature and cubic δ-Bi2O3 in high temperature (15, 16). The increase of temperature caused the decrease of tetragonal β-Bi2O3 structure and the show monoclinic α-Bi2O3 in XRD patterns (17).
Bismuth nanostructures can be fabricated by several methods such as solution (18, 19), solution combustion (20), solvothermal (21), hydrothermal (22), laser ablation (23), microwave (24), sol–gel (25), flame spray pyrolysis (26), thermal decomposition (27, 29), electrodeposition (30), thermal oxidation (31), chemical vapour deposition (32), and green synthesis (33). The green synthesis is a challenge for preparation of monodispersed nanoparticles with specific sizes and shapes (34). Biosynthesis methods have more advantages than other classical synthesis procedures due to the easy availability, rich biodiversity, and eco-friendly processes (35, 36). Green synthesis is very easy and cost-effective method for production of nanoparticles using the extract. The plant extract can act as reducing and capping agent for the reduction of metal ions and the formation of nanoparticles because of presence of the various biomolecules such as flavonoids, enzymes, proteins, phenolic acid, alkaloids, and terpenoids (37, 38). Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal) leaf extract for antibacterial application (39, 40).
The ultraviolet light can be caused the increase of risk for skin cancer and ocular damage. The UV radiation included three regions UV-A (320–400 nm), UV-B (280-320 nm), and UV-C (180-280 nm). The earth’s atmosphere traps all UV-C and more than 99% of UV-B radiation. The UV-A blocking is the most important consideration for hazard prevention of exposure to direct sunlight (41). Recently, bismuth oxide was reported as the UV-absorber (16). UV blocking ability is different in nanomaterial compared with bulk material because of small size and large surface area to volume ratio (42, 43). Antibacterial activity is another good application of bismuth oxide nanoparticles against some pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria (14). In the present study, we have developed a facile green synthesis method for preparation of bismuth oxide nanoparticles using mentha pulegium extract. The objective of this research was to achieve the goals of green synthesis of Bi2O3 NPs for potential application as UV blocking and antibacterial activity.
Experimental
Materials
All chemicals were analytical grade. Double distilled (DD) water was used in all experiments. Bismuth nitrate (Bi(NO3)3) as a bismuth precursor was purchased from Merck. The fresh leaves of mentha pulegium were prepared to make aqueous extract as reducing agent for the green synthesis of bismuth oxide nanoparticles from Siahkal region of Guilan province, Iran.
Green synthesis of bismuth oxide nanoparticles
Mentha pulegium also named pennyroyal is a species of flowering plant in the mint family. Firstly, mentha pulegium leaves were gathered in May from Siahkal region of Guilan province. The leaves were washed thoroughly with double distilled water to remove the dust particles. Then, they were approved by Herbarium (1634-AUPF) Islamic Azad University of Tehran Medical Sciences. Finally, the leaves cut into the very fine pieces and dried in the presence of sunlight. For the preparation of leaf extract, 20.0 g of the leaves of mentha pulegium was immersed in the 200 mL of DD water and boiled at 90 °C for 2 h. The obtained leaf extract was kept for cooling at room temperature, filtered using Whatman filter papers. For the green synthesis bismuth oxide nanoparticles, the amount of 2 g bismuth nitrate was solved in 10 mL DD water at 90 °C and mixed with 20 mL of mentha pulegium aqueous extract at 90 °C under constant stirring. Based on the UV-Visible spectrophotometer results, bismuth oxide NPs were prepared after 24 h at 90°C. The Schematic reaction is as follows:
2BiNO3 + Pennyroyal extract > Bi2O3
Then, the result samples were washed several times with DD water, and dried in a vacuum. The product was heated at 550 °C in a furnace and static atmosphere of air for 5 h to ensure the removal of impurities.
Characterization
The optimum time of synthesized nanoparticles was analyzed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, UV-1650PC, and Japan) for solution sample. Fourier transform infrared spectrum was recorded on a Unicam Matson 1000 FT-IR spectrophotometer using a KBr disks at room temperature. Powder X-ray diffraction pattern was performed for evaluation of crystalline structure of bismuth oxide NP using a Philips Company X’pert diffractometer utilizing Cu-Ka radiation (ASENWARE, AW-XBN300, China). Size and size distribution of nanoparticles were investigated by dynamic light scattering (ZEN314, England). Scanning electron microscope was employed to observe the morphology and size of nanoparticles (KYKY, EM3200, and China). Also, morphology and size of nanoparticles were evaluated by transmission electron microscope (Zeiss-EM10C-100 KV, Germany). The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy evaluated the elemental and chemical analysis of bismuth oxide NP (ASK SEM-CL View VIS, Oxford instruments, UK). Diffuse reflection spectroscopy investigated the UV protective properties of nanoparticles (Shimadzu, UV2550, and Japan) for solid sample. The antibacterial activities were evaluated by disk diffusion method against Salmonella (strains ATCC 1231) and E.Coli (strains ATCC 25922) as Gram-negative bacteria and S.aureus (strains ATCC 6538) as Gram-positive bacteria for bismuth oxide nanoparticles.
Results and Discussion
UV-VIS
UV-Visible spectroscopy confirmed the presence of nanoparticles by reduction of bismuth ions in the solution (Figure 1). The bismuth oxide nanoparticles were placed in a quartz cuvette and observed for wavelength scanning between 250 to 700 nm with distilled water as a reference. The absorption peak was observed at 290 nm, which is characteristic bismuth. UV-Visible spectroscopy is similar to the previous report (44).
FTIR
The FTIR absorption spectrum was recorded in the range of 400–4000 cm-1 (Figure 2) to determine functional groups and qualitative formation of bismuth nanoparticles. The O–H stretching vibrations appeared at 3363~3414 cm-1. The C-O vibrations attributed at 2330 cm-1 corresponding to CO2 of environment. The peak was observed at 1629 cm-1 corresponding to H2O. The peak at 1261 cm-1 is related to nitrate (NO3-) group. The peak at 542 cm-1 is originated from the metal-oxygen (Bi-O) vibration. Fourier transform infrared result is similar to the previous report (25).
XRD
X-ray diffraction measurement was used to determine the crystalline structure of bismuth nanoparticles in 2θ range 20 to 60° after decomposition at 550 °C (Figure 3). The sharp peak was observed at 2θ around 28°, and indexed the monoclinic α-Bi2O3 for all diffraction peaks (JCPDS card No. 41-1449). This result is similar to the previously reported pattern (5).
DLS
The dynamic light scattering was used to find out the size and distribution diagram of nanoparticles (Figure 4). DLS results showed a single-peak with size of about 220 nm and a narrow distribution at room temperature and confirmed the SEM result.
SEM
Morphology and size of bismuth oxide nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscope (Figure 5). The SEM image demonstrated 200 nm for particle size, and confirmed the DLS result.
TEM
Transmission electron microscope was employed to observe morphology and size of bismuth oxide nanoparticles (Figure 6). The TEM image demonstrated about 120 nm for particle size.
EDS
The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to evaluate the chemical composition of bismuth oxide nanoparticles. This analysis clearly showed the identification strong peaks of bismuth (Bi) and oxygen (O) elements. The EDS analysis of bismuth oxide NP exhibited absorption bands with peaks at 2.4, 3.2, 10.8, and 11.8 keV, which illustrated a typical absorption of the metallic bismuth. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and mapping of bismuth oxide nanoparticles were carried out for elemental analysis (Figure 7).
DRS
The DRS absorption spectrum of bismuth oxide nanoparticles showed the ultraviolet protective properties in three Ultraviolet: UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C (Figure 8). The absorption peak was observed in range of 200-400 nm, approving the UV protective property of the nanoparticles. Based on DRS spectra of product, bismuth oxide nanoparticles affected the light absorption property and absorbed 99% ultraviolet.
Antibacterial activity
Antibacterial activity was measured against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial for different concentrations of the samples by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and zone inhibition. Table 1 was presented the results of MIC and MBC, and Table 2 was showed the results of zone inhibition.
Initially, fresh bacteria were prepared in the growth medium of Mueller Hinton Broth. Then, some of the bacteria were dissolved in sterile physiological serum to obtain an opacity equal to OD=0.1 (half McFarland). On the other hand, different concentrations of the samples were sterilized using Muller Hinton Broth. Finally, a volume of bacteria was added to each of the samples in physiological serum to give the count of 100,000 bacteria per mL and placed in an incubator at 37 °C. The positive control group (growth medium with bacteria) and the negative control group (growth medium and samples) are also considered. After 24 h, bacterium darkness was assessed. MIC determination was recorded by the samples without bacterium darkness. MBC determination was considered for of Non-darkness samples without bacterium grown in Muller Hinton agar medium. Disk diffusion method was done for measurement of zone inhibition after determination of MIC and MBC in three concentrations (including 10, 5, 2,5 mg/mL).
First, blank discs were immersed in growth medium containing each concentration for 5 min. Then, fresh growth medium (with OD=0.1 in sterile physiology serum) was cultured with sterile swabs in Muller Hinton agar medium. The discs were stained with different concentrations of samples at appropriate distances in agar medium. Finally, the discs were incubated in a 37 °C incubator for 24 h. The diameter of zone inhibition was measured by the ruler. According to the results, Salmonella as Gram-negative bacterial is a good candidate for antibacterial activity of bismuth oxide nanoparticles. Future prospect of green synthesis can have huge application for nanomaterial in the field of food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries and thus become a major area of research.
| Sample | E.Coli (ATCC 25922 ) | S.aureus (ATCC 6538 ) | Salmonella (ATCC 1231) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | |
| Bi2O3 | 10 mg/mL | 10 mg/mL | 10 mg/mL | 10 mg/mL | 2.5 mg/mL | 10 mg/mL |
MIC and MBC of bismuth oxide nanoparticle
| Concentration (mg/mL) | Zone inhibition (mm) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| E.Coli (ATCC 25922) | S.aureus (ATCC 6538) | Salmonella (ATCC 1231) | |
| 10 | 2 | 1 | 13.6 |
| 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
The zone inhibition of bismuth oxide nanoparticle
Conclusion
The bismuth oxide nanoparticles were prepared by green method using mentha pulegium aqueous extract as a reducing agent. The XRD spectrum confirmed the monoclinic α-Bi2O3 crystalline structure. The DLS, SEM and TEM results showed the size in nanometer scale with narrow distribution and the particle size was estimated 150 nm. In the present study, we successfully observed UV blocking and antibacterial activity applications of bismuth oxide NPs. These properties can be resulted in many advantages in the future with less harm and toxicity to the human health and more safety.
