Abstract
Keywords
Antibiotic related economic burden Healthcare associated infection Iranian national health system
Introduction
Imposed economic burden of common disease was completely definite, but with wide range which differed based on the diseases and therapeutic methods (1, 2). Despite the hygiene improvement in the medical centers in the recent century, healthcare associated infections (HAIs) are considered as growing public health worldwide (3). The national nosocomial infection surveillance program was established in Iran since 2007 based on national nosocomial infection surveillance (NNIS) system definitions which classified for four major groups including pulmonary, urinary tract, blood stream, and surgical site infections (4). Annually six million patients admitted to hospitals in Iran. Of these patients, about six hundred thousand patients are infected with HAIs. The HAIs was announced 10 to 15 % by health system in Iran in recent years (5).
HAIs had the highest occurrence at ICU ward which was related to the most use of invasive therapeutic devices(6). HAIs may be assumed as leading causes of death especially at intensive care unit (ICU) ward in patients with terminal medical conditions, such as advanced malignancy or end stage kidney or liver disease (7, 8). HAIs create the socioeconomically impact on patients and nation’s economy. HAIs caused the increased hospitalization stay, staff time, cost of laboratory tests on the pathogens and antimicrobial treatment (9, 10).
The antimicrobial treatment related financial cost is a main part of the health economic burden, but data about this subject are rarely found in Iran. Understanding differences in economic burden of HAIs and antimicrobial treatment compared to other patients in health system informs patients, physician and government in order to promote quality of patients’ health besides reducing morbidity, mortality, and prevention of wasting time and money. This study focused on economic burden estimation and daily cost evaluation created by HAIs and limited for hospitalized patients at ICU of university hospital; because these patients are potentially susceptible to infections (11). This study highlighted the necessity for efficient policy making which aimed to increase the survival rate of critical ICU’s patients at university hospitals. Overall, the economic burden of 245 patients was estimated in this paper. One of the most significant current assay was attempting to summarize and highlight the major findings of the epidemiology of HAIs and evaluate economic burden of antimicrobial treatment and HAIs for ICU’s patients.
Methods
Study population
This study conducted the cross-sectional prospective surveillance study for adult patients (15< years of age) admitted at medical-surgical ICU (MS-ICU) ward of Taleghani hospital between 2012 - 2013. Taleghani hospital is a public hospital with 620 beds located in Tehran, Iran. From 474 patients hospitalized at ICU, 245 patients were included in this study. ICU’s Patients who previously acquired infections with non origin of hospital and non origin of ICU ward, neonatal patients (<15years), patients hospitalized for less than 2 days were excluded from this study. Also cases for superinfection were excluded. Inclusion criteria were age ≥15 and ICU hospitalization for more than 2 days. Common surveillance of HAIs was performed by infection control nurses and infectious diseases specialist physicians. HAIs were defined using the NNIS criteria (4). 198 studied hospitalized patients in ICU who do not infect with any HAIs were assumed as control group and also, patients with HAIs with origin of ICU ward were assumed as case group.
Measurement of HAIs associated economic burden
Prescription of Antimicrobial agents was recommended by an infectious disease consultant. All of charts, prescriptions and therapeutic indications were registered in medical record of patients. Therapeutic methods and agents cost were calculated and examined in US dollars based on 2012 prices of antimicrobial agents and were mentioned in text and tables. According to the reports released by Iranian Central Bank and World Bank Organization from 2012 to 2013; for example, one PPP$ (purchasing power parity $) was estimated around 24, 850 Rails in 2013. Therefore, 24,8850 Rails were used as the reference value to convert costs from Iranian Rails to PPP$ (12, 13).
Data analysis
The patients with HAIs were assumed as the case group and patients without any HAIs as the control group. The total economic burden was evaluated for the case. The descriptive statistics and frequency distribution such as mean, standard deviation and percentage were used.
The Differences were analyzed by T tests and one way ANOVA for continuous data. Odds ratios (OR) and the confidence intervals (95 % CI) of the ORs were calculated by logistic regression analysis. All of statistical analysis were two sided, and p<0.05 was considered significant. Also, SPSS, version 16 (SPSS Inc., Chicago. IL. USA) was used for data analysis.
Results and Discussion
Of 474 patients, 245 patients entered in this study. 19.2 % of included patients were infected with HAIs. The patients contained 139 male and 106 females. The mean age of infected patients was 63.6 ± 3.24 and 52.74 ± 1.32 at uninfected patients (P= 0.047, Table 1). The results showed that mortality for infected patients was more than un-infected (ADJ. OR: 2.5; 95 %CI: 1.3-4.90, P-value=0.005). In addition, the unit of blood for infected patients was 10.38 ±25 and for un-infected was 5.36 ± 0.64 (P=0.023). Also, there is an association between Hospitalization days and risk of infection (ADJ. OR: 1.14; 95 %CI: 1.07-1.21, P-value<0.001).
The excess day of hospitalization for infected patients was 7.7 days. The most common type of HAIs was ventilator associated with pneumonia (VAP) (9.39 %) followed by the urinary tract infection (UTI) (5.71 %) and blood stream infection (BSI) (3.26 %). However, the cost of antibiotic per day increased in the infected patients but the total economic burden of hospitalization for two groups was approximately equal. Albeit, the highest antibiotic associated economic burden was observed for patients with BSI; the highest total economic burden of hospitalization was allocated for patients BSI which was followed by UTI and VAP (Table 2).
Although, there are abundant epidemiological researches about HAIs around the world (8, -), so far, there have been little researches about HAIs in Iran especially for ICU hospitalized patients, related economic burden and antibiotic associated cost. In this study, we aimed at obtaining an estimate of the cost of antibiotic and HAIs for the first time in Iran. 19.2 % HAIs rate that we found was somewhat higher than rate report by Iranian national health system (5).
Comparison of frequency of criteria in infected and uninfected patients
| Characteristics | Patients with HAIs | Patients without HAIs | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male-female (Percent) | 56.04-39.6 | 55.8-44.2 | 0.62 |
| Age (Mean ± SD), year | 63.60±3.24 | 52.74 ± 1.32 | 0.003 |
| Age Range | 17-89 | 15-89 | - |
| Mortality (Percent) | 47.90 | 27.40 | 0.009 |
| Unit of Blood (Mean ± SD), unit | 10.83 ± 2.25 | 5.36 ± 0.64 | 0.023 |
| Hospitalization (Mean ± SD), day | 13.50 ± 2.85 | 5.78 ± 0.30 | 0.01 |
| Glossary Common scale (GCS) (Mean ± SD), scale | 10.88 ± 0.37 | 12.36 ± 0.17 | 0.63 |
| Total cost of antibiotic/Day (Mean ± SD), PPP$ | 3.32±0.43 | 1.23 ± 0.12 | 0.000 |
| Total cost of HAIs/Day (Mean ± SD), PPP$ | 86.08 ± 2.76 | 82.68 ± 1.08 | 0.19 |
The incidence of HAIs by site of infection and its impact on the length and cost of hospital stay/Day
| Incidence | Antibiotic Related Cost (PPP$) | Length of Stay (days) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Site of | N | Incidence Rate% | Mean costs | Ratio of costs (model estimate: 95% CI) | Additional | Means LoS | Ratio of days (model estimate: 95% CI) | Additional |
| No HAI | 198 | 80.8 | 1.23±0.12 | (0.98-1.4) | Reference | 5.77±0.29 | (5.18-6.36) | Reference |
| BSI | 8 | 3.3 | 5.63±1.64 | (1.75-9.52) | 4.40 | 9.25±1.55 | (5.57-12.93) | 3.48 |
| UTI | 14 | 5.7 | 2.61±0.33 | (1.89-3.34) | 1.38 | 9.36±3.10 | (2.26-16.05) | 3.59 |
| SSI | 2 | 0.8 | 2.26±0.71 | (-6.81-11.34) | 1.03 | 13±5.00 | (-50.53-76.5) | 7.23 |
| VAP | 23 | 9.4 | 3.04±0.58 | (1.82-4.26) | 1.81 | 17.29±5.52 | (6.51-29.4) | 11.52 |
It can potentially cause higher rate of HAIs in ICU ward rather than other wards of hospitals consistent with other studies (19). The predominant site of infection differs by the studied population, ward of hospitalization, type of performed surveillance, sampling and season in which the search is concluded (1, 20). This study was done in winter and spring. It may be the reason of high prevalence of VAP. However, the longest hospitalization, mechanical ventilation and the oldest age were observed for VAP (Table 3). Instrumentation of the catheter is an established external risk factor of infection. In addition, the presence of invasive devices, type of prescribed antibiotics, length of hospitalization and severity of underlying disease can be assumed as the main risk factors of HAIs at ICU’s patients. Similar to Rosenthal meta analysis study, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus were mostly found in the common site of infections in this study (19).
We found rare economic evidences on HAIs in Iran. The economic burden of HAIs seems to be moderately high in Iran and it imposes a relatively heavy financial burden on the Iranian national health system because of its high prevalence at ICU and its impact on survival rate, waste of time, and money.
However, this high economic burden may have been due to HAIs, they may have also been related to our research strategy focused on HAIs. Therefore, caution is needed in interpreting these results. The financial burden of HAIs related to total antibiotic was doubled for the other patients (ADJ. OR: 1.5; 95%CI: 1.25-1.80, P-value<0.001). HAIs imposed the excess economic burden related to antibiotic which is on average 2.09 PPP$ per day for each infected patients in this study. Although, there isn’t significant relation between total economic burdens of hospitalization/day between infected and un-infected patients; maybe, the time of study and number of samples were the reasons of that. If the results of the study are emerged with other hospitals, the different results will be likely obtained. The financial burden of HAIs related to excess total hospitalization per day increased to 3.4 PPP$ than the un-infected patients. This study showed that BSI and VAP caused the highest antibiotic economic burden. It may be due to prescription of infrequent and normally more expensive antibiotics which imposed high financial burden. Although it was observed that BSI and UTI had the most total economic burden of hospitalization. The highest rate of morbidity and mortality was demonstrated in the BSI patients. Table 4 illustrated the related financial burden and associated criteria. In accordance with Iranian national health system report, in which 3000 beds are belonging to ICU (21) and 19.2 % HAI rate and 7.29 days as the mean of hospitalization days in this study, it was estimated that 576 patients involved in HAIs at ICU ward in Iran per week. It was approximated weekly and annually that HAIs associated economic burden of antibiotic was 8,426.882 PPP$ and 433,382.40 PPP$ respectively in Iran.
The Mean age, mean transfused blood and incidence of mortality by site of infection
| Hospital Acquired Infection | Mean Age ± SD | Mean Transfused Blood ± SD | Mortality Rate % |
|---|---|---|---|
| BSI | 55.50±8.24 | 12.25±5.51 | 62.5 |
| UTI | 57.14 ±6.44 | 8.43±2.96 | 50 |
| SSI | 53.00 ±33.00 | 7.00±7.00 | 50 |
| VAP | 70.30 ±3.82 | 12.35±3.92 | 43.47 |
| No HAIs | 52.91±1.32 | 5.36±0.63 | 55.1 |
The criteria for HAIs financial burden
| Economic Burden of HAIs associated antibiotics/per person/day | 2.09 PPP$ (51,936.5 Rails) |
|---|---|
| Mean of hospitalization at ICU ward | 7.29 days |
| ICU beds in Iran | 3000 beds |
| HAIs rate at ICU | 19.20 percent |
| Infected patients at ICU/week in Iran | 576 patients |
| Infected patients at ICU/year in Iran | 29622 patients |
| Economic burden ofantibiotics/week in Iran | 8,426.88 PPP$ (209,407,968 Rails) |
| Annually economic burden of HAIs associated antibiotics in Iran (range) | 433,382.40 - 457,083.00 PPP$ (10,769,552,640 - 11,358,512,550 Rails) |
| Annually economic burden of HAIs associated hospitalization in Iran (range) | 705,024 - 734,210.89 PPP$ (17,519,846,400-18,245,140,616.50 Rails) |
Conclusion
In this study, we examined the HAIs antibiotic financial and economic burden. HAIs is more prevalent in ICU’s patients and remains as an important patient safety problem and the financial and social costs are staggering. The economic burden of HAIs and antibiotic seems to be moderately high in Iran and it imposes a relatively heavy economic burden on the Iranian national health system because of its high prevalence at ICU and its impact on survival rate, hospitalization length, implementation of more expensive therapies, more prescription and infrequent antibiotics with heavier costs. However, possible mistreatment of patients certainly effects on the financial burden, but one of the limitations of the study is the disability to examine possible mistreatment. The NNIS has established in recent decade in Iran which has weak point as a neoteric program (5). This research highlights the importance of HAIs in our country and establishes scientific policies to prevent the loss of patients, waste of time, and money.
In conclusion, length of stay and antibiotic prescription were the main cost of ICU’s patients that could be minimized by enhancement of the quality of insurance industry in our country and deletion of possible mistreatments.
Acknowledgements
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