Production, Quality Control and Pharmacokinetic Studies of ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP for Human Bone Pain Palliation Therapy Trials

Introduction

Bone metastases are common in the progression of various tumors such as prostate, breast and lung carcinoma. They often entail an occurrence of progressive pain (1) and occur in many patients with solid malignant tumors (2). Approximately 50% of patients with breast carcinoma and 80% of patients with prostate carcinoma develop metastatic bone diseases and nearly half of them experience bone pain (3). Despite the treatment in these patients, a systemic bone avid radiopharmaceutical for the treatment of widespread bone metastases has potential benefits (4).

Multidentate polyaminopolyphosphonic acid ligands are known to form stable chelates with many metals including lanthanides. Among them, ethylenediaminetetramethylene phosphonic acid (EDTMP) can be envisaged as a possible carrier moiety for the development of beta emitter-based radiopharmaceutical for bone palliation.

Among radioactive lanthanides used in nuclear medicine, lutetium-177 (¹⁷⁷Lu) is an interesting candidate for therapeutic protocols. ¹⁷⁷Lu-radiopharmaceuticals have been developed and used in various procedures, such as somatostatin receptor radiotherapy (5), radioimmunotherapy (6), bone palliation therapy (7) and radiosynovectomy (8, 9).

Due to the suitable decay characteristics [t_1/2 = 6.73 days, Eβ max = 497 keV, E© = 112 keV (6.4%), 208 keV (11%)] as well as the feasibility of large-scale production in adequate specific activity and radionuclidic purity by using a moderate flux reactor, ¹⁷⁷Lu is a promising radionuclide in the development of ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP complex as a therapeutic radiopharmaceutical agent (Figure 1).

Chemical structure of ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP

Figure 1

Compared to Sm-153, Lutetium-177 has a longer half-life which provides the possibility of production of a radiopharmaceutical with better shipment quality and longer shelf-life. On the other hand, irradiation of biological targets by a nuclide with longer half-life may improve the effectiveness of bone pain palliation therapy.

In this research, Lu-177 ethylene-diaminetetramethylene phosphonic acid (¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP) complex was prepared from in-house made starting ligand and the biokinetic studies of the compound were carried out in vital rat organs by post-mortem studies and imaging.

Experimental

¹⁷⁷Lu was produced with a specific activity of approximately 70-80 mCi/mg and radionuclidic purity of 99.98% by irradiation of natural Lu₂O₃ (99.999% purity from Aldrich Co., UK) targeted at a thermal neutron flux of approximately 4-10¹³ n.cm^-2.sec^-1 for 5 days at Tehran Research Reactor (TRR). Whatman No. 3 paper was obtained from Whatman Company (UK). Radio-chromatography was performed by using a Bioscan AR-2000 radio TLC scanner instrument (Bioscan, France). A high purity germanium (HPGe) detector coupled with a Canberra™ (model GC1020-7500SL, Canberra Industries, Inc. CT, U.S.A.) multichannel analyzer and a dose calibrator ISOMED 1010 (Elimpex-Medizintechnik, Austria) was used for counting distributed activity in rat organs. All other chemical reagents were purchased from Merck Company (Germany).

Calculations were performed based on the 112 keV peak for ¹⁷⁷Lu. All values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and the data were compared using Student’s t-test. Animal studies were performed in accordance with the United Kingdom Biological Council’s Guidelines on the Use of Living Animals in Scientific Investigations (1987). The approval of NSTRI Ethical Committee was obtained for conducting this research.

The wild-type rats (NMRI), weighing 180-200 g, were purchased from Pasteur Institute of Iran (Karaj), and acclimatized at proper rodent diet and 12 h/12 h day/night light/darkness.

Production and quality control of ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃ solution

¹⁷⁷Lu was produced by neutron irradiation of 1 mg natural Lu₂O₃, according to the reported procedures (10) at TRR (General Atomics, USA). The irradiated target was dissolved in 200 µL of 1.0 molL^-1M HCl, for the preparation of ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃ and then diluted to the appropriate volume with ultra pure water for the production of a stock solution of final volume of 5 mL (0.04 molL¹). The mixture was filtered through a 0.22 µm filter (Waters, USA) for the purpose of sterilization. The radionuclidic purity of the solution was determined for the presence of other radionuclides using purity germanium (HPGe) spectroscopy, through the detection of various interfering gamma emitting radionuclides. The radiochemical purity of the ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃ was evaluated using 2-solvent systems for instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC) [A: 10 mmolL^-1 diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), pH = 5 and B: 10% ammonium acetate:methanol mixture (1:1)].

Synthesis of EDTMP

EDTMP was synthesized from phosphorous acid, ethylenediamine and formaldehyde in the presence of HCl by a modified Mannich-type reaction (11). To the stirring mixture of phosphorous acid (33.66 g, 0.5 mole) and concentrated HCl (33.44 g) under N₂ atmosphere, ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (5 g, 0.08 moles) was added drop wise and the mixture was heated to reflux. Aqueous solution of formaldehyde (37 %) was then added drop wise to the mixture. Reflux (at 100 °C) continued for 4 h and the boiling suspension was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was recrystallized from water/methanol mixture [m.p. 214-215°C; IR (KBr, ν cm^-1): 3308, 2633, 2311, 1668, 1436, 1356; ¹H-NMR (D₂O, δ ppm): 3.53 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 8H,-N-CH₂-P=O), 3.85 (s, 4H, -N-CH₂-); ¹³C NMR (D₂O, δ ppm): 51.63, 52.73; ³¹P NMR (D₂O, δ ppm): 10.52].

Radiolabeling of EDTMP with ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃

A stock solution of EDTMP was prepared by dissolving in 1 molL^-1 NaOH and diluted to the appropriate volume with ultra pure water, in order to produce a solution of 50 mg.mL^-1. For labeling, an appropriate amount of the ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃ solution (0.1 mL, 50 mCi) containing the required activity was added to the desired amount of EDTMP solution (0.3 mL, 1 to 5 mg.mL^-1). The complex solution was then kept at room temperature for 60 min. The final solution was passed through a 0.22 µm membrane filter and the pH was adjusted to 7-8.5 with 0.05 molL^-1 phosphate buffer (pH = 5.5). The radiochemical purity was determined using Whatman 3 MM chromatography paper or ITLC-SG, eluted with NH₄OH (56%): methanol (%100): water (%100) (0.2:2:4; v/v/v) mixture.

Sterility and Apyrogenicity of the radiopharmaceutical

Sterility was controlled on a random sampling following the decay of radioactivity. The Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) test was used for the validation of radiopharmaceutical production method according to European protocol (12).

Stability of ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP in final formulation

Stability of ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP in the final preparation was determined by storing the final solution at 25 °C for 2 days and performing frequent ITLC analysis for the determination of radiochemical purity using Whatman 3 MM chromatography paper or ITLC-SG, eluted with NH₄OH (56%):methanol (%100):water (%100) (0.2:2:4; v/v/v) mixture.

Stability of ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP in presence of human serum

Final ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP solution (200 µCi, 50 µL) was incubated in the presence of freshly prepared human serum (300 µL) (Purchased from Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization, Tehran, Iran) at 37 °C for 2 days. The stability was determined by performing frequent ITLC analysis using the above-mentioned chromatography system.

Biodistribution studies

The biodistribution of free Lu³⁺ cation as well as of ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP was determined in wild-type rats. For each radiochemical compound, 100 µL (150 µCi) radioactive solution was injected directly to normal rat through caudal vein. The animals (n = 3) were sacrificed at predetermined times following the injection (2 h to 7 days) and the percentage of the injected dose in the tissues was then determined with a ©-ray scintillation or a dose calibrator.

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP in wild-type rats

For imaging studies, ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP solution (7.4 MBq, 200 µL) was injected intravenously to rats through their tail veins, followed by the injection of propofol-xylazine mixture for anaesthetization. The images were taken after administration of the radiopharmaceutical by a single-head SPECT system (Siemens, Germany) based on 112 keV peak (15% energy window). The rat-to-septa distance was 12 cm.

Results and Discussion

The radionuclide was prepared at a range of specific activity of 3 to 5 MBq.mg^-1. For radiolabeling use, after counting the samples on an HPGe detector for 5 h, two major photons (6.4% of 0.112 MeV and 11% of 0.208 MeV) were observed (Figure 2).

HPGe spectrum for ¹⁷⁷Lu chloride solution

Figure 2

The radiochemical purity of the ¹⁷⁷Lu solution was determined in two solvents. In 10 mmol.L^-1 DTPA aqueous solution (solvent 1), free Lu³⁺ cation is complexed to more lipophilic Lu-DTPA form and migrates to higher R_f. Small radioactive fraction remaining at the origin could be related to other Lu ionic species and not due to the forming of Lu-DTPA complex (such as LuCl₄^-, etc.) and/or colloids. On the other hand, 10% ammonium acetate:methanol mixture (1:1) (solvent 2) was also used for the determination of radiochemical purity. It seems that the fast eluting species was possibly Lu³⁺ and other ionic forms of ¹⁷⁷Lu (such as LuCl₄^-) remained at the origin (R_f = 0) as well as colloids (Figure 3). The differences between the impurity peaks in the two chromatograms could be related to the presence of colloidal impurity (2%). Nearly, 2% of activity can also be attributed to other ionic impurities. The effect of various factors on the labeling yield of ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP including ligand concentration and temperature were also studied and the corresponding results are shown in Table 1.

As observed, labeling yield increased with increasing molar ratio of Lu:EDTMP (from 1:5 to 1:15) and reached more than 99% in 60 min.

The stability of prepared ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP complex was studied up to 48 h after preparation. The complex was found to be stable in final pharmaceutical sample and its radiochemical purity was calculated above 99% even 48 hours after the preparation by using Whatman 3 MM eluted with NH₄OH: methanol: water (0.2:2:4) mixture. Stability test was also developed for the complex in presence of human serum at 37 °C using ITLC as mentioned above.

ITLC chromatograms of ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃ solution in a DTPA solution (pH = 5). (a) 10% ammonium acetate:methanol (1:1; v/v) solution, (b) chromatograms for ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP eluted using 10% ammonium acetate:methanol (1:1; v/v) solution, (c) chromatograms for ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP eluted and with NH₄OH: methanol:water (0.2:2:4) mixture, (d) chromatography with Whatman 3 MM

Figure 3

Regarding the animal studies, the tissue uptakes were calculated as the percent of area under the curve of the related peak per gram of tissue (% ID/g) (Figure 4).

The biodistribution of ¹⁷⁷Lu cation was determined in wild-type animals for 2-48 h post injection. The liver radioactivity uptake of the cation is comparable with other radio-lanthanides such as Yb, Sm and Tb (13). About 3% of the cation radioactivity accumulate in the liver in 48 h.

Low blood radioactivity content demonstrates the rapid removal of ¹⁷⁷Lu from the circulation after injection. Lung, muscle and skin did not uptake the ¹⁷⁷Lu significantly, while it is in accordance with other cations accumulation. A 4% bone uptake was observed for ¹⁷⁷Lu which remained almost constant after 48 h (data not shown). Significant uptake of ¹⁷⁷Lu uptake was also observed in the spleen, possibly related to reticuloendothelial system. Kidney plays an important role in the excretion of ¹⁷⁷Lu as a water soluble cation especially after 24 h. The radioactivity biodistribution of ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP (200 µCi in 150 µL volume) in rat organs up to 7days post injection was determined and it was clearly observed that the major portion of injected radioactivity of ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP was transferred from blood circulation into bones (Figure 4).

Percentage of injected dose per gram of ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃, (a) and ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP, (b) in wild-type rat tissues after 2, 4, 24, 48 h and 7 days post injection

Figure 4

Figure 5 compares the ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP and ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃ species behavior in biodistribution and demonstrates the blood accumulation from 2 h to 7 d. Both compounds were washed out from the circulation after 4 h.

Comparative radioactivity uptake for ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP and ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃ in (a) blood, (b) bone, (c) kidney, (d) liver, and (e) spleen in wild-type rats

Figure 5

¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP was rapidly taken up in bones within 2 h after administration and radioactivity concentration retained almost constant up to 24 h. The accumulation increased slowly after 7 days, whereas the uptake of free ¹⁷⁷Lu increased slowly. On the other hand, ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP showed more uptakes at all time intervals compared to free cation, except after 24 h. The error bars at this time point have overlaps, demonstrating the possibility of higher bone uptake even at this stage.

Rapid ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP uptake and low blood circulation activity lead to a low kidney excretion, whereas ¹⁷⁷Lu³⁺ is washed out through kidneys in 7 days as predicted for a cationic species.

Unlike ¹⁷⁷Lu³⁺ which accumulates significantly in the liver, ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP has almost no liver accumulation, which is a major advantage of a therapeutic radiopharmaceutical due to the possibility of increasing the maximum injectable dose.

As shown in Figure 6, the complex is mainly washed out from the circulation in the first few hours and is trapped in bone tissues especially in spinal column, skull tail and thigh bones. Insignificant activity is accumulated in other tissues. In case of free ¹⁷⁷Lu, most of activity is accumulated in liver and abdominal area GI.

Recently a similar report on the production and quality control of ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP complex has been reported (14) demonstrating higher localization of ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP in skeleton compared to ¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP which is also in agreement with our data.

In a recent study on the species-specific pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug in canine model did not demonstrate any biological adverse effects suggesting ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP as a promising radiopharmaceutical for further human studies (15).

As a comparison, the labeling and QC of the ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP complex was more or less similar to the Sm-153 analog and no significant difference was observed in the biodistribution data. The radiopharmaceutical higher bone uptake and half life may impose long term bone marrow and other critical organs irradiation. Thus, theoretical and practical dosimetry studies should be considered for this ligand at various injected doses to humans.

SPECT images of ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP (right) and ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃ (left) 24 h post injection in wild-type rats

Figure 6

Conclusions

EDTMP ligand was synthesized and its structure was determined using authentic spectroscopic methods. ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP was prepared (radiochemical purity more than 99%) using optimization studies. ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP and ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃ preparations were administered intravenously through the tail vein to wild-type rats and biodistribution data collected after 2 h to 7 days showed at least 70% accumulation of the drug in the bone tissues. SPECT images were taken from wild-type rats injected with ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP and ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃ after 24 h and the biodistribution was shown to be consistent with post-mortem data. A comparative accumulation study for ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP and ¹⁷⁷Lu was performed for vital organs up to 7 days. ¹⁷⁷Lu-EDTMP seemed a promising agent for bone pain palliation therapy in skeletal metastases in humans. Thus the radiopharmaceutical was released for clinical trial process in 20 volunteer human with metastatic bone malignancies in Shiraz, a central city in Iran (16).